{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:16:48Z","timestamp":1773415008198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFC2205400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2205400"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["U20A0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A0193"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021RC3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC3073"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFC2205400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2205400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A0193"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021RC3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC3073"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2023YFC2205400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2205400"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["U20A0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A0193"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2021RC3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC3073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To ensure the long-term stable and uninterrupted service of satellite navigation systems, the robustness and reliability of time\u2013frequency systems are crucial. Integrity monitoring is an effective method to enhance the robustness and reliability of time\u2013frequency systems. Time\u2013frequency signals are fundamental for integrity monitoring, with their time differences and frequency biases serving as essential indicators. These indicators are influenced by the inherent characteristics of the time\u2013frequency signals, as well as the links and equipment they traverse. Meanwhile, existing research primarily focuses on only monitoring the integrity of the time\u2013frequency signals\u2019 output by the atomic clock group, neglecting the integrity monitoring of the time\u2013frequency signals generated and distributed by the time\u2013frequency signal generation and distribution subsystem. This paper introduces a time\u2013frequency signal integrity monitoring algorithm based on the temperature compensation frequency bias combination model. By analyzing the characteristics of time difference measurements, constructing the temperature compensation frequency bias combination model, and extracting and monitoring noise and frequency bias features from the time difference measurements, the algorithm achieves comprehensive time\u2013frequency signal integrity monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can effectively detect, identify, and alert users to time\u2013frequency signal faults. Additionally, the model and the integrity monitoring parameters developed in this paper exhibit high adaptability, making them directly applicable to the integrity monitoring of time\u2013frequency signals across various links. Compared with traditional monitoring algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this paper greatly improves the effectiveness, adaptability, and real-time performance of time\u2013frequency signal integrity monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T10:53:17Z","timestamp":1713523997000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Time\u2013Frequency Signal Integrity Monitoring Algorithm Based on Temperature Compensation Frequency Bias Combination Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-022-00070-6","article-title":"Satellite integrity monitoring for satellite-based augmentation system: An improved covariance-based method","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Satell. 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