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Initiative","award":["2021VCA0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021VCA0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Rwanda, especially its Eastern Province, has been contending with water shortages, primarily due to prolonged dry spells and restricted water sources. This situation poses a substantial threat to the country\u2019s agriculture-based economy and food security. The impact may escalate with climate change, exacerbating the frequency and severity of droughts. However, there is a lack of comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of meteorological and agricultural droughts, which is an urgent need for a nationwide assessment of the drought\u2019s impact on vegetation and agriculture. Therefore, the study aimed to identify meteorological and agricultural droughts by employing the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Vegetation Health Index (VHI). VHI comprises the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and the Temperature Condition Index (TCI), both derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study analyzed data from 31 meteorological stations spanning from 1983 to 2020, as well as remote sensing indices from 2001 to 2020, to assess the spatiotemporal patterns, characteristics, and adverse impact of droughts on vegetation and agriculture. The results showed that the years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 were the most prolonged and severe for both meteorological and agricultural droughts, especially in the Southern Province and Eastern Province. These extremely dry conditions led to a decline in both vegetation and crop production in the country. It is recommended that policymakers engage in proactive drought mitigation activities, address climate change, and enforce water resource management policies in Rwanda. These actions are crucial to decreasing the risk of drought and its negative impact on both vegetation and crop production in Rwanda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T03:57:07Z","timestamp":1713758227000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spatiotemporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics and Their Impact on Vegetation and Crop Production in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0237-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schadrack","family":"Niyonsenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Lay Adventist of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment in East Africa, Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Eziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishir","family":"Kurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment in East Africa, Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Xiuliang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment in East Africa, Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Edovia Dufatanye","family":"Umwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Lay Adventist of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment in East Africa, Kigali P.O. Box 6392, Rwanda"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5108-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8855-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egide","family":"Hakorimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Lay Adventist of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali P.O. 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Box 6392, Rwanda"}]},{"given":"Gift Donu","family":"Fidelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2720-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Nsanzabaganwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Lay Adventist of Kigali (UNILAK), Kigali P.O. 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