{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1762869335822,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003629","name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00237740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00237740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagonal squall line that passed through the Korean Peninsula on the 18 May 2020 was examined using wind data retrieved from multiple Doppler radar synthesis focusing on its kinematic and dynamic aspects. The low-level jet, along with warm and moist air in the lower level, served as the primary source of moisture supply during the initiation and formation process. The presence of a cold pool accompanying the squall line played a role in retaining moisture at the surface. As the squall line approached the Korean Peninsula, the convective bands in the northern segment (NS) and southern segment (SS) of the squall line exhibited distinct evolutionary patterns. The vertical wind shear in the NS area was more pronounced compared to that in the SS. The ascending inflow associated with the tilted updraft in the NS reached an altitude of 7 km, whereas it was only up to 4 km in the SS. The difference was caused by the strong descending rear flow, which obstructed the ascending inflow and let to significant updraft in the SS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16081474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Kinematic and Dynamic Structure of the 18 May 2020 Squall Line over South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wishnu Agum","family":"Swastiko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote Sensing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7669-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Lun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (ECHO), Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA"}]},{"given":"GyuWon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric REmote Sensing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00208.1","article-title":"General Features of Squall Lines in East China","volume":"141","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<3413:OMOMMC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Organizational modes of Midlatitude mesoscale convective systems","volume":"128","author":"Parker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<1711:FOMLOP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Formation of Mesoscale lines of precipitation: Severe squall lines in Oklahoma during the spring","volume":"42","author":"Bluestein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines","volume":"45","author":"Rotunno","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowski, P., and Richardson, Y. (2010). Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes, John Wiley & Scons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470682104"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2187","article-title":"Environmental Evolution of Long-Lived Supercell Thunderstorms in the Great Plains","volume":"36","author":"Davenport","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, B., Hamie, S., Pappas, K., Nahidul Karim, M., and Thomas, T. (2021). Toward Resilient Water-Energy-Food Systems under Shocks: Understanding the Impact of Migration, Pandemics, and Natural Disasters. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169402"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<1990:SAEONS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Structure and Evolution of Numerically Simulated Squall Lines","volume":"45","author":"Weisman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.10.001","article-title":"A sensitivity of squall line intensity to environmental static stability under various shear and moisture conditions","volume":"84","author":"Takemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-11-00058.1","article-title":"Observations of Mergers between Squall Lines and Isolated Supercell Thunderstorms","volume":"27","author":"French","year":"2012","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<0425:ANIOSL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A numerical investigation of squall lines. Part II: The mechanics of evolution","volume":"51","author":"Szeto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<2804:LMWSLA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Low-Level Mesovortices within Squall Lines and Bow Echoes. Part II: Their Genesis and Implications","volume":"131","author":"Trapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110<1060:TLCOTG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Life Cycle of Thunderstorm Gust Fronts as Viewed with Doppler Radar and Rawinsonde Data","volume":"110","author":"Wakimoto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Su, Y., Ping, F., and Tang, J. (2021). Simulation of the Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structure and Microphysical Evolution of a Squall Line in South China. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12091187"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0090.1","article-title":"Convection initiation and growth at the coast of South China. Part II: Effects of the terrain, coastline, and cold pools","volume":"148","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0131.1","article-title":"Impact of the cold pool on mesoscale convective system\u2013produced extreme rainfall over southeastern South Korea: 7 July 2009","volume":"144","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027734","article-title":"Sensitivity of a Simulated Squall Line during Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment to Parameterization of Microphysics","volume":"123","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v7i4.8920","article-title":"Results of detailed synoptic studies of squall lines","volume":"4","author":"Fujita","year":"1955","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<2733:TTZASM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Transition Zone and Secondary Maximum of Radar Reflectivity behind a Midlatitude Squall Line: Results Retrieved from Doppler Radar Data","volume":"51","author":"Braun","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1997)125<0478:TEOTJP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Evolution of the 10\u201311 June 1985 PRE-STORM Squall Line: Initiation, Development of Rear Inflow, and Dissipation","volume":"125","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<0437:TSAEOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Structure and Evolution of Convection in a Tropical Cloud Cluster","volume":"36","author":"Leary","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110<0118:MAMAWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mesoscale Air Motions Associated with a Tropical Squall Line","volume":"110","author":"Gamache","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<3034:KAPSOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Kinematic and Precipitation Structure of the 10\u201311 June 1985 Squall Line","volume":"119","author":"Biggerstaff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2357:COASSL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Characteristics of a subtropical squall line determined from TAMEX dual-Doppler data. Part I: Kinematic structure","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.121","article-title":"Stratiform precipitation production over sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical east Atlantic as observed by TRMM","volume":"132","author":"Schumacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<0454:ROMIFF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Retrieval of model initial fields from single-Doppler observations of a supercell thunderstorm. Part II: Thermodynamic retrieval and numerical prediction","volume":"130","author":"Weygandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-011-0015-x","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of mesoscale convective systems accompanying heavy rainfall: The Goyang case","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Tang, X., Xu, F., and Zhang, F. (2022). Multi-Scale Interaction between a Squall Line and a Supercell and Its Impact on the Genesis of the \u201c0612\u201d Gaoyou Tornado. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13020272"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0394.1","article-title":"Impacts of topography on airflow and precipitation in the Pyeongchang area seen from multiple-Doppler radar observations","volume":"146","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3422.1","article-title":"Observations of Elevated Convection Initiation Leading to a Surface-Based Squall Line during 13 June IHOP_2002","volume":"139","author":"Marsham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4076","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3359.1","article-title":"Observations of a Squall Line and Its Near Environment Using High-Frequency Rawinsonde Launches during VORTEX2","volume":"138","author":"Bryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, Y.A., Kim, H.L., and Suk, M.K. (2020). Clutter elimination algorithm for non-precipitation echo of radar data considering meteorological and observational properties in polarimetric measurements. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223790"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.E., Jung, S.H., and Kwon, S. (2020). Characteristics of the bright band based on quasi-vertical profiles of polarimetric observations from an S-band weather radar network. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244061"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(03)00045-0","article-title":"The Spatial Distribution of Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Environments from Global Reanalysis Data","volume":"67","author":"Brooks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2285.1","article-title":"Surface Analysis of the Rear-Flank Downdraft Outflow in Two Tornadic Supercells","volume":"136","author":"Hirth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF969.1","article-title":"Effective Storm-Relative Helicity and Bulk Shear in Supercell Thunderstorm Environments","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1996)011<0489:SRWAHI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Storm-relative winds and helicity in the tornadic thunderstorm environment","volume":"11","author":"Kerr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1986)043<0126:TSEAPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The structure and propagation of rotation convective storm. Part 2. Helicity and storm","volume":"43","author":"Lilly","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481735","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/481735","article-title":"Cause Analysis on Eastward Movement of Southwest China Vortex and Its Induced Heavy Rainfall in South China","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<2351:SOTWPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of tropical west Pacific oceanic squall lines to tropospheric wind and moisture profiles","volume":"57","author":"Lucas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035556","article-title":"Roles of terrain, surface roughness, and cold pool outflows in an extreme rainfall event over the coastal region of South China","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<2779:LMWSLA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Low-Level Mesovortices within Squall Lines and Bow Echoes. Part I: Overview and Dependence on Environmental Shear","volume":"131","author":"Weisman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15108","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009429","article-title":"Kinematic structure of convective-scale elements in the rainbands of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (2005)","volume":"113","author":"Hence","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"210","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of the prefrontal squall line","volume":"7","author":"Newton","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-17-0091.1","article-title":"Tilting of Horizontal Shear Vorticity and the Development of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Thunderstorms","volume":"74","author":"Dahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110<0136:TIOTSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Influence of the Shear-Induced Pressure Gradient on Thunderstorm Motion","volume":"110","author":"Rotunno","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)049<1826:TROCGR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Role of Convectively Generated Rear-Inflow Jets in the Evolution of Long-Lived Meso Convective Systems","volume":"49","author":"Weisman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-16-0168.1","article-title":"Low-Tropospheric Shear in the Structure of Squall Lines: Impacts on Latent Heating under Layer-Lifting Ascent","volume":"74","author":"Alfaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:32:08Z","timestamp":1760106728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/8\/1474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16081474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16081474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]}}}