{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T14:12:04Z","timestamp":1771078324052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20A2089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2089"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41971152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971152"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019RS1062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS1062"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Talent Program","award":["U20A2089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2089"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Talent Program","award":["41971152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971152"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Talent Program","award":["2019RS1062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS1062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urban heat island (UHI) represents an anthropogenic modification to the earth\u2019s surface, and its relationship with urban development, built-up age dependency in particular, is poorly understood. We integrated global artificial impervious areas to analyze the impacts of built-up age and urban development intensity (UDI) on land surface temperatures (LSTs) in Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province of China, from 2000 to 2019. A key finding was that the built-up areas with different built-up ages were strongly associated with LST, and this relationship does not change significantly over time, suggesting temporal stability of spatial patterns of LSTs. This finding puts forward a challenge to the application of the classic concept of space-for-time in LST studies because the premise of space-for-time is that spatial and temporal variation are equivalent. This result reveals the vital importance of annual development activities on the urban thermal environment. Another highlighted result was LST sensitivity to UDI, an effective measure of the impact of urbanization on LST, which increased significantly from 0.255 \u00b0C per 10% UDI to 0.818 \u00b0C per 10% UDI. The more than doubling of LST sensitivity to UDI should be a major concern for city administration. These findings have crucial theoretical and practical significance for the regulation of LSTs and UHI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T07:38:51Z","timestamp":1713944331000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolution and Built-Up Age Dependency of Urban Thermal Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maochou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuailong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(73)90140-6","article-title":"City size and the urban heat island","volume":"7","author":"Oke","year":"1973","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2018.02.009","article-title":"Influence of urbanization-driven land use\/cover change on climate: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"105","author":"Arsiso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.06.021","article-title":"Effects of Urban Heat Island mitigation in various climate zones in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.080","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of terrestrial vegetation activity along the urban development intensity gradient in China\u2019s 32 major cities","volume":"488\u2013489","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102014-021155","article-title":"Urban heat island: Mechanisms, implications, and possible remedies","volume":"40","author":"Phelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13168","article-title":"Only habitat specialists become smaller with advancing urbanization","volume":"29","author":"Magura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45813","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45813","article-title":"Influence of human population movements on urban climate of Beijing during the Chinese New Year holiday","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons, K. (2014). Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, Andcold Environments on Human Health, Comfort, and Performance, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b16750"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000277","article-title":"Land use, land cover, and population density impact on the formation of canopy urban heat islands through traverse survey in the Nagpur urban area, India","volume":"142","author":"Kotharkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-017-2043-7","article-title":"Assessing population movement impacts on urban heat island of Beijing during the Chinese New Year holiday: Effects of meteorological conditions","volume":"131","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1512-9","article-title":"Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population","volume":"573","author":"Manoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.06.018","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of urban heat island effect and the effect of percentage impervious surface area and elevation on land surface temperature: Study of Chandigarh city, India","volume":"26","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"27","article-title":"Impacts of impervious surfaces on the environment","volume":"4","author":"Chithra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.M., Lin, T.-H., and Chan, H.-P. (2019). The environmental effects of urban development in Hanoi, Vietnam from satellite and meteorological observations from 1999\u20132016. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061768"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2019.100341","article-title":"Urban heat island, urban climate maps and urban development policies and action plans","volume":"14","author":"Parsaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135011","article-title":"The relationship between urban form and heat island intensity along the urban development gradients","volume":"708","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"276","article-title":"Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.012","article-title":"Influences of land cover types, meteorological conditions, anthropogenic heat and urban area on surface urban heat island in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration","volume":"571","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-021-0023-4","article-title":"Changes in the urban surface thermal environment of a Chinese coastal city revealed by downscaling MODIS LST with random forest algorithm","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120706","article-title":"The effects of 3D architectural patterns on the urban surface temperature at a neighborhood scale: Relative contributions and marginal effects","volume":"258","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.05.010","article-title":"Summertime heat island intensities in three high-rise housing quarters in inner-city Shanghai China: Building layout, density and greenery","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., Miao, X., Huang, Z.Y., Teng, S.N., and Xu, C. (2020). Remote sensing and social sensing data reveal scale-dependent and system-specific strengths of urban heat island determinants. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030391"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054060","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abef8e","article-title":"Reduction in human activity can enhance the urban heat island: Insights from the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"16","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bera, D., Das Chatterjee, N., Mumtaz, F., Dinda, S., Ghosh, S., Zhao, N., Bera, S., and Tariq, A. (2022). Integrated Influencing Mechanism of Potential Drivers on Seasonal Variability of LST in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, India. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11091461"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.027","article-title":"Seasonality in the daytime and night-time intensity of land surface temperature in a tropical city area","volume":"557","author":"Ayanlade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145381","article-title":"Influence of landscape features on urban land surface temperature: Scale and neighborhood effects","volume":"771","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.003","article-title":"Determinants of urban\u2013rural land surface temperature differences\u2014A landscape scale perspective","volume":"134","author":"Heinl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjpre.2022.01.006","article-title":"Effects of urbanization on the relationship between greenspace patterns and evolution of regional heat island in cities of Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Degefu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.87.2.81","article-title":"Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban green space and its impacts on thermal environment in Shenzhen city from 1978 to 2018 with remote sensing data","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.04.008","article-title":"Polycentric urban development and urban thermal environment: A case of Hangzhou, China","volume":"189","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101764","article-title":"Exploring the connection between morphological characteristic of built-up areas and surface heat islands based on MSPA","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Han, Q., and Keeffe, G. (2024). An Evaluation of Different Landscape Design Scenarios to Improve Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Shenzhen. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13010065"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.308","article-title":"Spatial structure of surface urban heat island and its relationship with vegetation and built-up areas in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"659","author":"Jamei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2019.05.001","article-title":"Quantifying spatial pattern of urban greenspace from a gradient perspective of built-up age","volume":"111","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Lin, A., Zhou, Z., and Chen, F. (2018). Spatial pattern evolution and optimization of urban system in the Yangtze River economic belt, China, based on DMSP-OLS night light data. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103782"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002178","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002178","article-title":"Time evolution of the surface urban heat island","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2018.05.002","article-title":"The urban growth of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo and its impact on the climate","volume":"21","author":"Rueda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weather. Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1840","article-title":"Spatial-temporal evolution of urban thermal environment based on spatial statistical features","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.04.012","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of urban green space and its impact on the urban thermal environment based on remote sensing data: A case study of Fuzhou City, China","volume":"41","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104210","article-title":"Significant increase in extreme heat events along an urban\u2013rural gradient","volume":"215","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Yan, Q., Bian, Z., Liu, B., and Wu, Z. (2020). A POI and LST adjusted NTL urban index for urban built-up area extraction. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102918"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.016","article-title":"A temperature and vegetation adjusted NTL urban index for urban area mapping and analysis","volume":"135","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Jing, Y., Yang, G., and Sun, R. (2021). A new urban functional zone-based climate zoning system for urban temperature study. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020251"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2010.490333","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of the urban heat island of a coastal city in the context of urbanisation","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102425","article-title":"Socioeconomic drivers of urban heat island effect: Empirical evidence from major Chinese cities","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2478\/avutgs-2018-0002","article-title":"Spatial hotspot analysis of Bucharest\u2019s urban heat island (UHI) using modis data","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Valahia Univ. Targoviste. Geogr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.02.010","article-title":"Response of urban heat island to future urban expansion over the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei metropolitan area","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"97","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution affected by human activities and different land-use in urban topsoil: A case study in Rafsanjan city, Kerman province, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Aminiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.02.183","article-title":"Urban heat island impacts on building energy consumption: A review of approaches and findings","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/environments2020125","article-title":"Analysis of urban heat island (UHI) in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI): A comparative study of Delhi and Mumbai","volume":"2","author":"Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105501","article-title":"Urban blue-green space planning based on thermal environment simulation: A case study of Shanghai, China","volume":"106","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-1154-8","article-title":"Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22655","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900452","article-title":"Derivation of split window algorithm and its sensitivity analysis for retrieving land surface temperature from NOAA-advanced very high resolution radiometer data","volume":"106","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morini, E., Touchaei, A.G., Castellani, B., Rossi, F., and Cotana, F. (2016). The impact of albedo increase to mitigate the urban heat island in Terni (Italy) using the WRF model. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8100999"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.168","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of urban heat island effect along the urban development intensity gradient in China","volume":"544","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438","article-title":"Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.008","article-title":"MODIS detected surface urban heat islands and sinks: Global locations and controls","volume":"134","author":"Clinton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.006","article-title":"Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat remote sensing","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.148","article-title":"Urbanization and the thermal environment of Chinese and US-American cities","volume":"589","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.02.019","article-title":"How factors of land use\/land cover, building configuration, and adjacent heat sources and sinks explain Urban Heat Islands in Chicago","volume":"125","author":"Coseo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, L., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., Cui, Y., Li, H., and Liu, W. (2019). Urban growth simulation in different scenarios using the SLEUTH model: A case study of Hefei, East China. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224998"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, H., Zhang, X., Yang, C., and Cao, X. (2021). The characteristics of spatial expansion and driving forces of land urbanization in counties in central China: A case study of Feixi county in Hefei city. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252331"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111510","article-title":"Annual maps of global artificial impervious area (GAIA) between 1985 and 2018","volume":"236","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"93","article-title":"An examination of relationships between vegetation and rainfall using maximum value composite AVHRR-NDVI data","volume":"27","author":"Karabulut","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2007)017[0235:ANSMFC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A new satellite-based methodology for continental-scale disturbance detection","volume":"17","author":"Mildrexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036557","article-title":"Using the vegetation temperature condition index for time series drought occurrence monitoring in the Guanzhong Plain, PR China","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0211-7","article-title":"Rates and patterns of urban expansion in China\u2019s 32 major cities over the past three decades","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.04.024","article-title":"40-Year (1978\u20132017) human settlement changes in China reflected by impervious surfaces from satellite remote sensing","volume":"64","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02400-3","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature: A Case Study Over the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region, China","volume":"177","author":"Men","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00063.x","article-title":"A unified approach to model selection using the likelihood ratio test","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernick, M.R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Manteiga, W., Crujeiras, R.M., and Barrios, E.B. (2011). Bootstrap Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_150"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C.E. (1998). Applied Multivariate Statistics in Geohydrology and Related Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80328-4"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135244","article-title":"Spatial quantitative analysis of the potential driving factors of land surface temperature in different \u201cCenters\u201d of polycentric cities: A case study in Tianjin, China","volume":"706","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.09.019","article-title":"Characterizing spatial and temporal trends of surface urban heat island effect in an urban main built-up area: A 12-year case study in Beijing, China","volume":"204","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.08.029","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of urban heat island and thermal comfort within the Rotterdam agglomeration","volume":"83","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166940","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of land use transitions associated with human activities over Eurasian Steppe: Evidence from improved residual analysis","volume":"905","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhou, T., Tao, F., and Zang, F. (2019). Correlation analysis between UBD and LST in Hefei, China, using Luojia1-01 night-time light imagery. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235224"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3992\/jgb.18.2.29","article-title":"Nighttime light: A potential proxy for local nocturnal urban heat island intensity in seoul","volume":"18","author":"Nganyiyimana","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Green Build."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107729","article-title":"A cooled city? Comparing human activity changes on the impact of urban thermal environment before and after city-wide lockdown","volume":"195","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI150214085K","article-title":"Influences of population, building, and traffic densities on urban heat island intensity in Chiang Mai City, Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Sakulchangsatjatai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Al-Mohannadi, M.S. (2017). Motorized Transportation and the UHI Effect in Doha: The Impact of Traffic on the Heat Island Effect. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Qatar University]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Sharifi, A., Dong, X., Shen, L., and He, B.-J. (2021). Spatial variability and temporal heterogeneity of surface urban heat island patterns and the suitability of local climate zones for land surface temperature characterization. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214338"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.03.037","article-title":"The impact of building density and building height heterogeneity on average urban albedo and street surface temperature","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/land4020300","article-title":"Landcover change, land surface temperature, surface albedo and topography in the Plateau Region of North-Central Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Odunuga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonafoni, S., Baldinelli, G., Rotili, A., and Verducci, P. (2017, January 6\u20138). Albedo and surface temperature relation in urban areas: Analysis with different sensors. Proceedings of the 2017 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/JURSE.2017.7924612"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"134","article-title":"Numerical simulation on impact of building density on urban heat island with an urban porous media model","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hsi-Chiao Tung Ta Hsueh\/J. Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Univ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2019.01.008","article-title":"The higher, the cooler? Effects of building height on land surface temperatures in residential areas of Beijing","volume":"110","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3308045","article-title":"Attribution of urban diurnal thermal environmental change: Importance of global\u2013local effects","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-009-9402-4","article-title":"Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: Linking spatiotemporal variations in surface temperatures to land-cover and socioeconomic patterns","volume":"25","author":"Buyantuyev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195","article-title":"Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia","volume":"577","author":"Estoque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12005","article-title":"Using space-for-time substitution and time sequence approaches in invasion ecology","volume":"57","author":"Thomaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.01.013","article-title":"A critique of the space-for-time substitution practice in community ecology","volume":"34","author":"Damgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220228110","article-title":"Space can substitute for time in predicting climate-change effects on biodiversity","volume":"110","author":"Blois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03235","article-title":"The value of space-for-time substitution for studying fine-scale microevolutionary processes","volume":"41","author":"Wogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003762363","article-title":"Temporal analysis of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) parameters to detect changes in the Iberian land cover between 1981 and 2001","volume":"32","author":"Julien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1402386","article-title":"The influence of land-cover type on the relationship between NDVI\u2013LST and LST-T air","volume":"39","author":"Marzban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4259-6","article-title":"Monitoring LULC changes and its impact on the LST and NDVI in District 1 of Shiraz City","volume":"12","author":"Fatemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"318","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability in land surface temperature and its relationship with vegetation types over Ibadan, south-western Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Fabeku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Clim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1495\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:33:08Z","timestamp":1760106788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16091495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16091495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]}}}