{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:44:29Z","timestamp":1779335069810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2014Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), Convenzione Attuativa DPC-INGV, Accordo-Quadro Dipartimento della protezione civile","award":["INGV 2022-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INGV 2022-2025"]}]},{"name":"Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2014Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), Convenzione Attuativa DPC-INGV, Accordo-Quadro Dipartimento della protezione civile","award":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"]}]},{"name":"Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2014Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), Convenzione Attuativa DPC-INGV, Accordo-Quadro Dipartimento della protezione civile","award":["SAFARI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAFARI"]}]},{"name":"Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2014Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), Convenzione Attuativa DPC-INGV, Accordo-Quadro Dipartimento della protezione civile","award":["F73C23001610007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F73C23001610007"]}]},{"name":"INGV-MIUR project Pianeta Dinamico \u201cWorking Earth\u201d","award":["INGV 2022-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INGV 2022-2025"]}]},{"name":"INGV-MIUR project Pianeta Dinamico \u201cWorking Earth\u201d","award":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"]}]},{"name":"INGV-MIUR project Pianeta Dinamico \u201cWorking Earth\u201d","award":["SAFARI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAFARI"]}]},{"name":"INGV-MIUR project Pianeta Dinamico \u201cWorking Earth\u201d","award":["F73C23001610007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F73C23001610007"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","award":["INGV 2022-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INGV 2022-2025"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","award":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VT\u2014DYNAMO\u20142023"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","award":["SAFARI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAFARI"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","award":["F73C23001610007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F73C23001610007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 21 May 2023, a hidden eruption occurred at the Southeast Crater (SEC) of Etna (Italy); indeed, bad weather prevented its direct and remote observation. Tephra fell toward the southwest, and two lava flows propagated along the SEC\u2019s southern and eastern flanks. The monitoring system of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia testified to its occurrence. We analyzed the seismic and infrasound signals to constrain the temporal evolution of the fountain, which lasted about 5 h. We finally reached Etna\u2019s summit two weeks later and found an unexpected pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposit covering the southern lava flow at its middle portion. We performed unoccupied aerial system and field surveys to reconstruct in 3D the SEC, lava flows, and PDC deposits and to collect some samples. The data allowed for detailed mapping, quantification, and characterization of the products. The resulting lava flows and PDC deposit volumes were (1.54 \u00b1 0.47) \u00d7 106 m3 and (1.30 \u00b1 0.26) \u00d7 105 m3, respectively. We also analyzed ground-radar and satellite data to evaluate that the plume height ranges between 10 and 15 km. This work is a comprehensive analysis of the fieldwork, UAS, volcanic tremor, infrasound, radar, and satellite data. Our results increase awareness of the volcanic activity and potential dangers for visitors to Etna\u2019s summit area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1714364776000},"page":"1555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Hidden Eruption: The 21 May 2023 Paroxysm of the Etna Volcano (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"De Beni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Scollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cantarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Mereu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics, and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Sciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Alparone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazione di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13685","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB13p13685","article-title":"Introduction to special section on how volcanoes work: Part 1","volume":"92","author":"Tilling","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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