{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:56:04Z","timestamp":1768269364313,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Sustainable Development International Cooperation Program","award":["42361144874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42361144874"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Sustainable Development International Cooperation Program","award":["2023YFE0102800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0102800"]}]},{"name":"Chinese MOST key projects of \u201cInternational Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation between Governments\u201d","award":["42361144874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42361144874"]}]},{"name":"Chinese MOST key projects of \u201cInternational Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation between Governments\u201d","award":["2023YFE0102800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0102800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snow and ice melting in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) is crucial for regional water availability for mountainous communities. We analyzed glacier changes in the Astak catchment, UIB, from 2000 to 2020 using remote sensing techniques based on optical satellite images from Landsat and ASTER digital elevation models. We used a surface feature-tracking technique to estimate glacier velocity. To assess the impact of climate variations, we examined temperature and precipitation anomalies using ERA5 Land climate data. Over the past two decades, the Astak catchment experienced a slight decrease in glacier area (\u22121.8 km2) and the overall specific mass balance was \u22120.02 \u00b1 0.1 m w.e. a\u22121. The most negative mass balance of \u22120.09 \u00b1 0.06 m w.e. a\u22121 occurred at elevations between 2810 to 3220 m a.s.l., with a lesser rate of \u22120.015 \u00b1 0.12 m w.e. a\u22121 above 5500 m a.s.l. This variation in glacier mass balance can be attributed to temperature and precipitation gradients, as well as debris cover. Recent glacier mass loss can be linked to seasonal temperature anomalies at higher elevations during winter and autumn. Given the reliance of mountain populations on glacier melt, seasonal temperature trends can disturb water security and the well-being of dependent communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1714364776000},"page":"1558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two-Decadal Glacier Changes in the Astak, a Tributary Catchment of the Upper Indus River in Northern Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0219-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzaffar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6899-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajid","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate change will affect the Asian water towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11324","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas","volume":"488","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Molden, D.J., Shrestha, A.B., Immerzeel, W.W., Maharjan, A., Rasul, G., Wester, P., Wagle, N., Pradhananga, S., and Nepal, S. 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