{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:01:58Z","timestamp":1760144518753,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSFC-CMA Joint Research","award":["#U2342222","2023YFC3007600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U2342222","2023YFC3007600"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["#U2342222","2023YFC3007600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#U2342222","2023YFC3007600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate three-dimensional (3D) cloud structure measurements are critical for assessing the influence of clouds on the Earth\u2019s atmospheric system. This study extended the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) cloud vertical profile (64 \u00d7 64 scene, about 70 km in width \u00d7 15 km in height) retrieval technique based on conditional generative adversarial networks (CGAN) to construct seamless 3D cloud fields for the MODIS granules. Firstly, the accuracy and spatial continuity of the retrievals (of 7180 samples from the validation set) were statistically evaluated. Then, according to the characteristics of the retrieval error, a spatially overlapping-scene ensemble generation method and a bidirectional ensemble binning probability fusion (CGAN-BEBPF) technique were developed, which improved the CGAN retrieval accuracy and support to construct seamless 3D clouds for the MODIS granules. The CGAN-BEBPF technique involved three steps: cloud masking, intensity scaling, and optimal value selection. It ensured adequate coverage of the low reflectivity areas while preserving the high-reflectivity cloud cores. The technique was applied to retrieve the 3D cloud fields of Typhoon Chaba and a multi-cell convective system and the results were compared with ground-based radar measurements. The cloud structures of the CGAN-BEBPF results were highly consistent with the ground-based radar observations. The CGAN-EBEPF technique retrieved weak ice clouds at the top levels that were missed by ground-based radars and filled the gaps of the ground-based radars in the lower levels. The CGAN-BEBPF was automated to retrieve 3D cloud radar reflectivity along the MODIS track over the seas to the east and south of mainland China, providing valuable cloud information to support maritime and near-shore typhoons and convection prediction for the cloud-sensitive applications in the regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1714364776000},"page":"1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on Three-Dimensional Cloud Structure Retrieval and Fusion Technology for the MODIS Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Fengxian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"COMAC Meteorological Laboratory, COMAC Flight Test Center, Shanghai 201323, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/376486a0","article-title":"The variable effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation","volume":"376","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3243.1","article-title":"Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review","volume":"18","author":"Stephens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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