{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:07Z","timestamp":1760144527333,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA\u2019s Sun-Climate research at Goddard Space Flight Center","award":["2149483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2149483"]}]},{"name":"NSF AGS award","award":["2149483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2149483"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) data obtained from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM)\/Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) experiment and Himawari-8\/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) observations are analyzed for multi-year climatology and interannual variations. Linkages between PMCs, mesospheric temperature, and water vapor (H2O) are further investigated with data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Our analysis shows that PMC onset date and occurrence rate are strongly dependent on the atmospheric environment, i.e., the underlying seasonal behavior of temperature and water vapor. Upper-mesospheric dehydration by PMCs is evident in the MLS water vapor observations. The spatial patterns of the depleted water vapor correspond to the PMC occurrence region over the Arctic and Antarctic during the days after the summer solstice. The year-to-year variabilities in PMC occurrence rates and onset dates are highly correlated with mesospheric temperature and H2O. They show quasi-quadrennial oscillation (QQO) with 4\u20135-year periods, particularly in the southern hemisphere (SH). The combined influence of mesospheric cooling and the mesospheric H2O increase provides favorable conditions for PMC formation. The global increase in mesospheric H2O during the last decade may explain the increased PMC occurrence in the northern hemisphere (NH). Although mesospheric temperature and H2O exhibit a strong 11-year variation, little solar cycle signatures are found in the PMC occurrence during 2007\u20132021.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T04:26:16Z","timestamp":1714364776000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Sensitivity of Polar Mesospheric Clouds to Mesospheric Temperature and Water Vapor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9814-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae N.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research II, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong L.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4072-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brentha","family":"Thurairajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Hozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}]},{"given":"Takuo","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu 182-8585, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11705","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028830","article-title":"Understanding the effects of polar mesospheric clouds on the environment of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere","volume":"123","author":"Siskind","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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