{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:17Z","timestamp":1760144537836,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Research Project","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Project of Large Research Infrastructures of CAS \u201cStudy on the interaction between low\/mid-latitude atmosphere and ionosphere based on the Chinese Meridian Project\u201d","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Space Weather","award":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831073","42174196","YSBR-018","CAS-WX2022SF-0103","2022YFF0711400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intermittency of gravity wave potential energy (GWPE) in the upper troposphere and stratosphere was investigated using the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) temperature data over three typical mountains (Tibetan Plateau, Rocky Mountains, and Andes). These typical mountains have high sea level elevations but different land\u2013sea contrast. The probability density function (PDF) of GWPE has the independent variable of GWPE and dependent variable of occurrence probability of GWPE over a region. Our analysis showed that the PDFs of GWPE over these three mountains roughly followed lognormal distributions in all heights and months. But, the key parameters (mean value and standard deviation) of lognormal distribution varied with heights and months. Above each mountain, the two key parameters exhibited similar temporal and spatial distributions. They had the largest values around the tropopause region, smaller values in the lower stratosphere (~20\u201330 km), and larger values in the upper stratosphere (~35\u201345 km). The intermittency of GWs is represented as the ratio of the GWPE at 50th percentile to the GWPE at 90th percentile. The weakest intermittency was at ~20\u201330 km (above the zonal mean winds of zero) over the Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains in all months and over the Andes from November to March, respectively. Generally, the weakest intermittency (~0.4) occurred in the region where the key parameters were the smallest around summer. The key parameters of lognormal distribution were dominated by annual variation over the Andes throughout the height range, 8\u201350 km. However, the semiannual variations are also significant in the lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains. The seasonal variations in the intermittency were not as obvious as those of the key parameters. The lognormal distributions and the intermittencies derived here provide an observational constraint on the tunable parameters in GW parameterization schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T06:13:22Z","timestamp":1714371202000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intermittency of Gravity Wave Potential Energy Generated by Mountains Revealed from COSMIC-2 Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Institute of Electromagnetic Wave, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RG000106","article-title":"Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Fritts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. 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