{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:56:21Z","timestamp":1775696181842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigates the ionospheric response to the March 2023 geomagnetic storm over American and Asian sectors from total electron content (TEC), rate of TEC index, ionospheric heights, Swarm plasma density, radio occultation profiles of Formosat-7\/Cosmic-2 (F7\/C2), Fabry-Perot interferometer driven neutral winds, and E region electric field. During the storm\u2019s main phase, post-sunset equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) extend to higher latitudes in the western American longitudes, showing significant longitudinal differences in the American sector. Over the Indian longitudes, suppression of post-sunset irregularities is observed, attributed to the westward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF). At the early recovery phase, the presence of post-midnight\/near-sunrise EPBs till post-sunrise hours in the American sector is associated with the disturbance of dynamo-electric fields (DDEF). Additionally, a strong consistency between F7\/C2 derived amplitude scintillation (S4) \u2265 0.5 and EPB occurrences is observed. Furthermore, a strong eastward electric field induced an increase in daytime TEC beyond the equatorial ionization anomaly crest in the American region, which occurred during the storm\u2019s main phase. Both the Asian and American sectors exhibit negative ionospheric storms and inhibition of ionospheric irregularities at the recovery phase, which is dominated by the disturbance dynamo effect due to equatorward neutral winds. A slight increase in TEC in the Asian sector during the recovery phase could be explained by the combined effect of DDEF and thermospheric composition change. Overall, storm-time ionospheric variations are controlled by the combined effects of PPEF and DDEF. This study may further contribute to understanding the ionospheric responses under the influence of storm-phase and LT-dependent electric fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1714464871000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Multi-Instrument Observation of the Ionospheric Irregularities and Disturbances during the 23\u201324 March 2023 Geomagnetic Storm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7159-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afnan","family":"Tahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), SUPARCO Rd, P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0298-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SNARS Laboratory, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munawar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5961-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Amory-Mazaudier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1259-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punyawi","family":"Jamjareegulgarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon 86160, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Tobias G. W.","family":"Verhulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STCE\/Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ayyaz","family":"Ameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), SUPARCO Rd, P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46352-0","article-title":"Large regional variability in geomagnetic storm effects in the auroral zone","volume":"13","author":"Tanskanen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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