{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T11:12:49Z","timestamp":1768648369380,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERANETMED EO-TIME (Earth Observation Technologies for Irrigation in Mediterranean Environment), Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["no.1768\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no.1768\/2019"]}]},{"name":"CIHEAM-IAM Bari and by Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Portici (NA) ITALY","award":["no.1768\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no.1768\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study extensively examines the estimation of irrigation water requirements using different methodologies based on Earth Observation data. Specifically, two distinct methods inspired by recent remote sensing and satellite technology developments are examined and compared. The first methodology, as outlined by Maselli et al. (2020), focuses on using Sentinel-2 MSI data and a water stress scalar to estimate the levels of actual evapotranspiration and net irrigation water (NIW). The second methodology derives from the work of D\u2019Urso et al. (2021), which includes the application of the Penman\u2013Monteith equation in conjunction with Sentinel-2 data for estimating key parameters, such as crop evapotranspiration and NIW. In the context of the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, this study explores the suitability of both methodologies for irrigated potato crops (nine potato fields for the early season and eight for the late season). The obtained NIW value was compared with measured field data, and the root mean square errors were calculated. The results of the comparison showed that the effectiveness of these methods varies depending on the growing season. Notably, the Maselli method exhibited better performance during the late season, while the D\u2019Urso method proved more accurate during the early season. This comparative assessment provided valuable insights for effective agricultural water management in the Bekaa Valley when estimating NIW in potato cultivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1714464871000},"page":"1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Earth Observation Methodologies for Irrigation Water Accounting in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Moujabber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Water and Land Management in Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, The School of Engineering, The Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Therese","family":"Abi Saab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, The School of Engineering, The Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"Climate and Water Unit, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar P.O. Box 90-1965, Lebanon"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Roukoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Beirut, Lebanon"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Water and Land Management in Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Rosario","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0251-4668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"D\u2019Urso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01014","article-title":"Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices","volume":"418","author":"Tilman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.010","article-title":"A new methodology to map irrigated areas using multitemporal MODIS and ancillary data: An application example in the continental US","volume":"112","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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