{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T17:19:34Z","timestamp":1763572774565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JAXA and Nagaoka University of Technology","award":["ER3AMF122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER3AMF122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture is among the most essential variables in hydrology and earth science. Many satellite missions, such as AMSR-E\/2, have been launched to observe it in broader spatial coverage to overcome the shortage of in situ observations. However, the satellite soil moisture products have been reported to comprise errors caused by the so-called \u201ctemperature effects\u201d widely observed in dielectrically measured in situ volumetric soil water content (SWC). In this work, we confirmed the existence of these errors in AMSR2 soil moisture products. A new algorithm was developed to remove these errors using satellite data at ascending and descending overpasses. The application of this algorithm to both satellite and in situ data of SWC and soil temperature at the Mongolia site shows that the difference between SWC values at ascending and descending overpasses caused by temperature effects is effectively removed. We assess the impact of this removal method on satellite data by comparing it with in situ data, utilizing metrics such as the correlation coefficient and other widely adopted evaluation methods. It is shown that the difference between the original and corrected in situ SWC is much smaller than that between AMSR2 and in situ SWC, either corrected or not. The results indicate that the metric values between the corrected AMSR2 and in situ SWC, after removing apparent differences caused by temperature effects, slightly improved compared to those between the original AMSR2 and in situ SWC. Though these findings imply that the removed errors may not be the most dominant, considering the current significant difference between AMSR2 and in situ SWC, the removal makes the ascending and descending data have close characteristics. It may allow using data at both ascending and descending overpasses and double the temporal resolution of AMSR2 SWC data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T09:50:07Z","timestamp":1714470607000},"page":"1606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperature Effects in AMSR2 Soil Moisture Products and Development of a Removal Method Using Data at Ascending and Descending Overpasses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minjiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan"},{"name":"School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Oanh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ishikawa College, Kitachujo, Tsubata 929-0392, Ishikawa, Japan"}]},{"given":"Agampodi Deva Thisaru Nayanathara","family":"Kumarasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1987)026<1483:TIOSAV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of soil and vegetation on the development of mesoscale circulations","volume":"26","author":"Mahfouf","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02965-6","article-title":"Mutual interaction of soil moisture state and atmospheric processes","volume":"184","author":"Entekhabi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.06.021","article-title":"A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management","volume":"458\u2013459","author":"Dobriyal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-395-2020","article-title":"The review of soil moisture multi-scale verification methods","volume":"5","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.004","article-title":"Investigating soil moisture\u2013climate interactions in a changing climate: A review","volume":"99","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<2551:TIOLSM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of land surface moisture retention on precipitation statistics","volume":"9","author":"Koster","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wang, L., Ross, K.W., Liu, C., and Berry, K. (2018). Standardized soil moisture index for drought monitoring based on Soil Moisture Active Passive observations and 36 years of North American Land Data Assimilation System data: A case study in the Southeast United States. Remote. Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020301"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"21","article-title":"Evaluation of a combined drought indicator and its predictive potential for agricultural droughts in Southern Spain","volume":"20","author":"Tarquis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-007-0076-6","article-title":"Using GPS multipath to measure soil moisture fluctuations: Initial results","volume":"12","author":"Larson","year":"2007","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration and water budget components using continuous soil moisture and water table monitoring","volume":"2012","author":"Rahgozar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820000080","article-title":"Relevance of soil moisture for seasonal climate predictions: A preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Douville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-018-0095-0","article-title":"Climate change and drought: The soil moisture perspective","volume":"4","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1029\/94WR01498","article-title":"Multiscale modeling of spatially variable water and energy balance processes","volume":"30","author":"Famiglietti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.04.007","article-title":"A critical review of soil moisture measurement","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1029\/2011EO170001","article-title":"A new international network for in situ soil moisture data","volume":"92","author":"Dorigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.003","article-title":"Soil moisture estimation through ASCAT and AMSR-E sensors: An intercomparison and validation study across Europe","volume":"115","author":"Brocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0146.1","article-title":"U.S. climate reference network soil moisture and temperature observations","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorigo, W., Himmelbauer, I., Aberer, D., Schremmer, L., Petrakovic, I., Zappa, L., Preimesberger, W., Xaver, A., Annor, F., and Ard\u00f6, J. (2021). The International Soil Moisture Network: Serving Earth system science for over a decade. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1\u201383.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-5749-2021"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs","volume":"78","author":"Xie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2467\/mripapers.58.63","article-title":"Long-term changes of temperature extremes and day-to-day variability in Japan","volume":"58","author":"Fujibe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pap. Meteorol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, T.J., and Schmugge, T.J. (1986). Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture, Aacademic Press, INC.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-021814-1.50007-0"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043918","article-title":"The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission","volume":"98","author":"Entekhabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"13","article-title":"Instrument performance and calibration of AMSR-E and AMSR2","volume":"38","author":"Imaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.-Isprs Arch."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shimoda, H., Xiong, X., Cao, C., Gu, X., Kim, C., and Kiran Kumar, A.S. (November, January 29). Status of AMSR2 instrument on GCOM-W1. Proceedings of the SPIE 8528, Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization II, Kyoto, Japan. Available online: https:\/\/spie.org\/Publications\/Proceedings\/Volume\/8528#_=_."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808243","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E","volume":"41","author":"Njoku","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.025","article-title":"Development and assessment of the SMAP enhanced passive soil moisture product","volume":"204","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2754293","article-title":"GCOM-W AMSR2 soil moisture product validation using core validation sites","volume":"11","author":"Bindlish","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2208\/prohe.48.217","article-title":"Development of an Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) algorithm for soil moisture and vegetation water content (in Japanese)","volume":"48","author":"Koike","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"271","article-title":"Validation of soil moisture estimation by AMSR-E in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Kaihotsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote. Sens. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1488-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the AMSR2 L2 soil moisture product of JAXA on the Mongolian Plateau over seven years (2012\u20132018)","volume":"1","author":"Kaihotsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"187","article-title":"Evaluation of AMSR2 soil moisture products over the contiguous United States using in situ data from the International Soil Moisture Network","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, K.O., and Lu, M. (2021). Assessment of the temperature effects in SMAP satellite soil moisture products in Oklahoma. Remote. Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204104"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103152:1\u20138","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ103152","article-title":"Effects of temperature on measurements of soil water content with time domain reflectometry","volume":"34","author":"Schanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1029\/1998WR900008","article-title":"Temperature effects on soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by time domain reflectometry: A physical model","volume":"35","author":"Or","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"65","article-title":"Temperature effects in soil water content determined with time domain reflectometry","volume":"436","author":"Halbertsma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Zesz. Probl. Postep. Nauk. Rol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3178\/hrl.9.8","article-title":"A data-driven method to remove temperature effects in TDR measured soil water content at a Mongolian site","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2207878","article-title":"Temperature and texture-dependent dielectric model for moist soils at 1.4 GHz","volume":"10","author":"Mironov","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dielectric behavior of wet soils in the 1\u201336 GHz microwave range: Modeling and validation","volume":"151","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.823288","article-title":"Generalized refractive mixing dielectric model for moist soils","volume":"42","author":"Mironov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote. Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.05.050","article-title":"Automated general temperature correction method for dielectric soil moisture sensors","volume":"551","author":"Kapilaratne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200625216","article-title":"Temperature dependence of time domain reflectometry-measured soil dielectric permittivity","volume":"172","author":"Skierucha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1358","article-title":"The effects of soil bulk density, clay content and temperature on soil water content measurement using time-domain reflectometry","volume":"17","author":"Gong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"282","article-title":"Improvement of the AMSR-E algorithm for moisture estimation by introducing a fractional vegetation coverage dataset derived from MODIS data","volume":"29","author":"Fujii","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote. Sens. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.85A.261","article-title":"Characteristics and controlling factors of regional-scale variability in surface soil moisture within semi-arid grassland in Mongolia","volume":"85A","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Bruce, R.R., Flach, K.W., and Taylor, H.M. (1973). Field Soil Water Regime, SSSA."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5963\/JWRHE0603002","article-title":"Evaluation of evaporation related diurnal change from dielectrically measured soil moisture","volume":"6","author":"Kapilaratne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010257","article-title":"Land surface temperature from Ka band (37 GHz) passive microwave observations","volume":"114","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:37:23Z","timestamp":1760107043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16091606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16091606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}