{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:15Z","timestamp":1760144715260,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the influence of multipath errors on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements collected at ASG-EUPOS reference stations between 2010 and 2021. Multipath occurs when GNSS signals reflect off surrounding objects before reaching the receiver antenna, leading to positioning errors. In the case of reference stations, all available mitigation techniques were used to minimize the impact of multipath. However, it is still detectable and affects the measurement results. For carrier phase differential positioning, it increases the ambiguous search space, which results in a decrease in determining rover\u2014reference station vector accuracy. The study employs two linear combinations (Code-Minus-Carrier and Multipath Pseudorange Observable) to quantify the multipath effect on both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Based on the research, it was found that the multipath values changed depending on the change of the receiver and the terrain around the reference stations. The study observed a gradual decrease in multipath errors from 2010 to 2021, likely due to technological advancements in receiver design. No significant increase in multipath errors was observed due to environmental changes around the stations, suggesting a minimal influence from new reflecting objects nearby. Based on the analyses conducted, it is also recommended to perform periodic tests to detect incorrect receiver configuration or operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Multipath Changes in the Polish Permanent GNSS Stations Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Rapi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Tomaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7064-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Pelc-Mieczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"The PNT boom: Future trends in integrated navigation","volume":"8","author":"Groves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inside GNSs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5587","article-title":"GNSS multipath estimation and mitigation based on particle filter","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-015-0449-1","article-title":"GNSS multipath detection using three-frequency signal-to-noise measurements","volume":"20","author":"Strode","year":"2016","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J. 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