{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:03Z","timestamp":1760144643635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Space Systems Command\/SNGT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the creation of a fast, deterministic, 3D fractal cloud renderer for the AFIT Sensor and Scene Emulation Tool (ASSET). The renderer generates 3D clouds by ray marching through a volume and sampling the level-set of a fractal function. The fractal function is distorted by a displacement map, which is generated using horizontal wind data from a Global Forecast System (GFS) weather file. The vertical windspeed and relative humidity are used to mask the creation of clouds to match realistic large-scale weather patterns over the Earth. Small-scale detail is provided by the fractal functions which are tuned to match natural cloud shapes. This model is intended to run quickly, and it can run in about 700 ms per cloud type. This model generates clouds that appear to match large-scale satellite imagery, and it reproduces natural small-scale shapes. This should enable future versions of ASSET to generate scenarios where the same scene is consistently viewed from both GEO and LEO satellites from multiple perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deterministic Global 3D Fractal Cloud Model for Synthetic Scene Generation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Schinder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon R.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"given":"Bryan J.","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4081-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Dexter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kondrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, WPAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Davila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiance Technologies, 3715 Pentagon Blvd, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101780A","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2262193","article-title":"Development and Validation of the AFIT Sensor Simulator for Evaluation and Testing (ASSET)","volume":"10178","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NASA (2023, December 05). Blue Marble: Clouds, Available online: https:\/\/visibleearth.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schneider, A. (2015, January 9\u201313). The Real-Time Volumetric Cloudscapes of Horizon: Zero Dawn. Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference and Exhibition on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrenninge, M., Kulla, C., and Lundqvist, V. (2013, January 21\u201325). Oz: The Great and Volumetric. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Talks on\u2014SIGGRAPH\u201913, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2504459.2504518"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, F. (2018). Real-Time Rendering of Volumetric Clouds. 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Proceedings of the Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications XIX, SPIE, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2638487"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:37:53Z","timestamp":1760107073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/9\/1622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16091622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16091622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}