{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:45:35Z","timestamp":1776087935251,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["42271037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271037"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2022m07020011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022m07020011"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2108085Y13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085Y13"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["GXXT-2021-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2021-048"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program Project of Anhui province, China","award":["42271037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271037"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program Project of Anhui province, China","award":["2022m07020011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022m07020011"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program Project of Anhui province, China","award":["2108085Y13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085Y13"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program Project of Anhui province, China","award":["GXXT-2021-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2021-048"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Anhui, China","award":["42271037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271037"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Anhui, China","award":["2022m07020011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022m07020011"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Anhui, China","award":["2108085Y13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085Y13"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Anhui, China","award":["GXXT-2021-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2021-048"]}]},{"name":"University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province, China","award":["42271037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271037"]}]},{"name":"University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province, China","award":["2022m07020011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022m07020011"]}]},{"name":"University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province, China","award":["2108085Y13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085Y13"]}]},{"name":"University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province, China","award":["GXXT-2021-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2021-048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture plays a crucial role in determining the yield of winter wheat. The Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain is the main growing area of winter wheat in China, and frequent occurrence of drought seriously restricts regional agricultural development. Hence, a daily-scale Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NSPEI), based on winter wheat crop coefficient (Kc), was developed in the present study to evaluate the impact of drought characteristics on winter wheat in different growth stages. Results showed that the water demand for winter wheat decreased with the increase in latitude, and the water shortage was affected by effective precipitation, showing a decreasing trend from the middle to both sides in the HHH Plain. Water demand and water shortage showed an increasing trend at the jointing stage and heading stage, while other growth stages showed a decreasing trend. The spatial distributions of drought duration and intensity were consistent, which were higher in the northern region than in the southern region. Moreover, the water shortage and drought intensity at the jointing stage and heading stage showed an increasing trend. The drought had the greatest impact on winter wheat yield at the tillering stage, jointing stage, and heading stage, and the proportions of drought risk vulnerability in these three stages accounted for 0.25, 0.21, and 0.19, respectively. The high-value areas of winter wheat loss due to drought were mainly distributed in the northeast and south-central regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1714622276000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Drought Risk Assessment of Winter Wheat at Different Growth Stages in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Based on Nonstationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and Crop Coefficient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4411-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}]},{"given":"Vijay P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4689-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"AghaKouchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106003","article-title":"Assessing agricultural drought risk and its dynamic evolution characteristics","volume":"231","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. 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