{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T08:33:57Z","timestamp":1769330037195,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advancement of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) is pivotal for enhancing high-impact weather forecasting and warning systems. However, due to the high spatial and temporal inhomogeneity, the moisture field is difficult to describe by initial conditions in NWP models, which is the essential thermodynamic variable in the simulation of various physical processes. Data Assimilation techniques are central to addressing these challenges, integrating observational data with background fields to refine initial conditions and improve forecasting accuracy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of integrating observations from the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) and ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) in forecasts and mechanism analysis of a heavy rainfall event in the Kaifeng region of central China. Our findings reveal that jointly assimilating AGRI radiance and MWR data significantly enhances the model\u2019s humidity profile accuracy across all atmospheric layers, resulting in improved heavy rainfall predictions. Analysis of the moisture sources indicates that the storm\u2019s water vapor predominantly originates from westward air movement ahead of a high-altitude trough, with sustained channeling towards the rainfall zone, ensuring a continuous supply of moisture. The storm\u2019s development is further facilitated by a series of atmospheric processes, including the interplay of high and low-level vorticity and divergence, vertical updrafts, the formation of a low-level jet, and the generation of unstable atmospheric energy. Additionally, this study examines the influence of Tai-hang Mountain\u2019s terrain on precipitation patterns in the Kaifeng area. Our experiments, comparing a control setup (CTL) with varied terrain heights, demonstrate that reducing terrain height by 50\u201360% significantly decreases precipitation coverage and intensity. In contrast, increasing terrain height enhances precipitation, although this effect plateaus when the elevation increase exceeds 100%, closely mirroring the precipitation changes observed with a 75% terrain height increment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T09:58:56Z","timestamp":1715162336000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impacts of Fengyun-4A and Ground-Based Observation Data Assimilation on the Forecast of Kaifeng\u2019s Heavy Rainfall (2022) and Mechanism Analysis of the Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3965-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Yuncong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-6338-4","article-title":"Estimating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks in Europe: A continental, integrated analysis","volume":"75","author":"Lehner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. 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