{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:55Z","timestamp":1760144695203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"CAS \u201cLight of West China\u201d program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E129030101","42275044","22JR5RA073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lakes on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP) are widely distributed spatially, and they are mostly seasonally frozen. Due to global warming, the thickness and phenology of the lake ice has been changing, which profoundly affects the regional climate evolution. There are a few studies about lake ice in alpine regions, but the understanding of climatological characteristics of lake ice on the QTP is still limited. Based on a field experiment in the winter of 2022, the thermal conductivity of Qinghai Lake ice was determined as 1.64 W\u00b7m\u22121\u00b7\u00b0C\u22121. Airborne radar ice thickness data, meteorological observations, and remote sensing images were used to evaluate a quasi-steady ice model (Lepp\u00e4ranta model) performance of the lake. This is an analytic model of lake ice thickness and phenology. The long-term (1979\u20132017) ice history of the lake was simulated. The results showed that the modeled mean ice thickness was 0.35 m with a trend of \u22120.002 m\u00b7a\u22121, and the average freeze-up start (FUS) and break-up end (BUE) were 30 December and 5 April, respectively, which are close to the field and satellite observations. The simulated trend of the maximum ice thickness from 1979 to 2017 (0.004 m\u00b7a\u22121) was slightly higher than the observed result (0.003 m\u00b7a\u22121). The simulated trend was 0.20 d\u00b7a\u22121 for the FUS, \u22120.34 d\u00b7a\u22121 for the BUE, and \u22120.54 d\u00b7a\u22121 for the ice duration (ID). Correlation and detrending analysis were adopted for the contribution of meteorological factors. In the winters of 1979\u20132017, downward longwave radiation and air temperature were the two main factors that had the best correlation with lake ice thickness. In a detrending analysis, air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and solar radiation contributed the most to the average thickness variability, with contributions of 42%, 49%, and \u221248%, respectively, and to the maximum thickness variability, with contributions of 41%, 45%, and \u221248%, respectively. If the six meteorological factors (air temperature, downward longwave radiation, solar radiation, wind speed, pressure, and specific humidity) are detrending, ice thickness variability will increase 83% on average and 87% at maximum. Specific humidity, wind, and air pressure had a poor correlation with ice thickness. The findings in this study give insights into the long-term evolutionary trajectory of Qinghai Lake ice cover and serve as a point of reference for investigating other lakes in the QTP during cold seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T08:33:03Z","timestamp":1715589183000},"page":"1699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling Climate Characteristics of Qinghai Lake Ice in 1979\u20132017 by a Quasi-Steady Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Lake Comprehensive Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gangcha 812300, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Powerchina Sichuan Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-9499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Lake Comprehensive Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gangcha 812300, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Lepp\u00e4ranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Ruijia","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Lake Comprehensive Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gangcha 812300, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"35033519","article-title":"On the importance of lakes and the main ecological and environmental problems faced by lakes in China","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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