{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:41Z","timestamp":1760144621909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42276179","62271459","LSKJ202201302","LSKJ202204301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276179","62271459","LSKJ202201302","LSKJ202204301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Projects","award":["42276179","62271459","LSKJ202201302","LSKJ202204301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276179","62271459","LSKJ202201302","LSKJ202204301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous oceanic phenomena and play an important role in ocean circulation, ocean dynamics, and the transport of material energy. Temperature anomalies are a crucial parameter that reflects the state of mesoscale eddies. This study proposes a Gaussian function model to fit the vertical temperature anomaly (TA) profile to facilitate the analysis of variations, and the principle of the model is based on the fact that each TA profile tends to fluctuate around one or more peaks. The model is extracted and validated using Argo profiles within cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the Northwest Pacific Ocean spanning over the period from 2002 to 2021. The validation demonstrates that the model can accurately recover the vertical TA profiles with a limited number of parameters. This makes it suitable for analysing the spatial distribution patterns that require a large sample count. The analysis indicates that eddies with different TA profiles have a spatial aggregation effect in geographic distribution. Eddies with lower extreme temperature anomalies, at depths of 200\u2013300 m, are mainly distributed along two bands on the north side of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) and the North Equatorial Current. Eddies with extreme TAs at the deepest depth (500\u2013600 m) are distributed along the KE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T08:33:03Z","timestamp":1715589183000},"page":"1716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Gaussian Function Model of Mesoscale Eddy Temperature Anomalies and Research of Spatial Distribution Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Manli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC014983","article-title":"Contrasting short-lived with long-lived mesoscale eddies in the global ocean","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252418","article-title":"Oceanic mass transport by mesoscale eddies","volume":"345","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.02","article-title":"Eddy dynamics from satellite altimetry","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38069-2","article-title":"Global meridional eddy heat transport inferred from Argo and altimetry observations","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38457-8","article-title":"Chlorophyll rings around ocean eddies in the North Pacific","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2023.104067","article-title":"Relationship between global ocean mixing and coherent mesoscale eddies","volume":"197","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089425","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089425","article-title":"Full-depth global estimates of ocean mesoscale eddy mixing from observations and theory","volume":"47","author":"Groeskamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4294","article-title":"Global heat and salt transports by eddy movement","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022930","article-title":"Atmospheric responses to oceanic eddies in the Kuroshio Extension region","volume":"120","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5908","article-title":"Atmospheric responses to oceanic mesoscale eddies based on an idealized model","volume":"39","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895950","article-title":"Validation and application of altimetry-derived upper ocean thermal structure in the western North Pacific Ocean for typhoon-intensity forecast","volume":"45","author":"Pun","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.10.004","article-title":"New generation of satellite-derived ocean thermal structure for the western north pacific typhoon intensity forecasting","volume":"121","author":"Pun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO190002","article-title":"Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations","volume":"85","author":"Gould","year":"2004","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063120","article-title":"Dynamical processes within an anticyclonic eddy revealed from Argo floats","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaigneau, A., Le Texier, M., Eldin, G., Grados, C., and Pizarro, O. (2011). Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the eastern South Pacific Ocean: A composite analysis from altimetry and Argo profiling floats. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007134"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8969","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014426","article-title":"Evolution of the thermohaline structure of one Agulhas Ring reconstructed from satellite altimetry and Argo floats","volume":"124","author":"Laxenaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011130","article-title":"Characteristics, vertical structures, and heat\/salt transports of mesoscale eddies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031<0675:ETOHAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Eddy transport of heat and thermocline waters in the North Pacific: A key to interannual\/decadal climate variability?","volume":"31","author":"Roemmich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012226","article-title":"Vertical structure anomalies of oceanic eddies in the Kuroshio Extension region","volume":"122","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9795","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013303","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies in the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Three-dimensional eddy structures and heat\/salt transports","volume":"122","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.12.008","article-title":"Coherent heat patterns revealed by unsupervised classification of Argo temperature profiles in the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"151","author":"Maze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024198","article-title":"Tropical cyclone-ocean interaction in Typhoon Megi (2010)\u2014A synergy study based on ITOP observations and atmosphere-ocean coupled model simulations","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"61","article-title":"Kuroshio and Oyashio currents","volume":"2","author":"Qiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ocean. Curr. Deriv. Encycl. Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JPO4265.1","article-title":"Characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region detected from the distribution of the sea surface height anomaly","volume":"40","author":"Itoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2004)034<2203:ROMEIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Roles of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio paths","volume":"34","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984244","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.984244","article-title":"Comparative analysis of four types of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Pegliasco, C., Busch\u00e9, C., and Faug\u00e8re, Y. (2023, September 21). Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlas META3.2 Delayed-Time All Satellites: Version META3.2 DT Allsat. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/en\/data\/products\/value-added-products\/global-mesoscale-eddy-trajectory-product\/meta3-2-dt.html."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00019.1","article-title":"A new sea surface height-based code for oceanic mesoscale eddy tracking","volume":"31","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-1087-2022","article-title":"META3.1exp: A new global mesoscale eddy trajectory atlas derived from altimetry","volume":"14","author":"Pegliasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41294-7","article-title":"Doubling of surface oceanic meridional heat transport by non-symmetry of mesoscale eddies","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00439","article-title":"On the future of Argo: A global, full-depth, multi-disciplinary array","volume":"6","author":"Roemmich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Boyer, T.P., Garcia, H.E., Locarnini, R.A., Zweng, M.M., Mishonov, A.V., Reagan, J.R., Weathers, K.A., Baranova, O.K., Seidov, D., and Smolyar, I.V. (2024, February 24). World Ocean Atlas 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/archive\/accession\/NCEI-WOA18."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL094772","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL094772","article-title":"Characteristics of global ocean abnormal mesoscale eddies derived from the fusion of sea surface height and temperature data by deep learning","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-21-0010.1","article-title":"Abundant cold anticyclonic eddies and warm cyclonic eddies in the global ocean","volume":"51","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JPO4285.1","article-title":"Interannual variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent and its associated mesoscale eddy field","volume":"40","author":"Qiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseda, T., Mitsudera, H., Taguchi, B., and Yoshikawa, Y. (2003). On the eddy-Kuroshio interaction: Meander formation process. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JC001583"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016729","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016729","article-title":"Independent eddy identification with profiling Argo as calibrated by altimetry","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/10\/1716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:03Z","timestamp":1760107263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/10\/1716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16101716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16101716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]]}}}