{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T07:58:03Z","timestamp":1771747083100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201432"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020zzts190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020zzts190"]}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["42201432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201432"]}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["2020zzts190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020zzts190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Groundwater resources are crucial to socio-economic development and the ecosystem, and over-extraction can cause the groundwater level to drop, deplete reserves, and trigger geological hazards like land subsidence. The North China Plain (NCP) has experienced both subsidence and groundwater depletion due to over-extraction in the past 70 years. In this study, we used MT-InSAR technology and ascending C-band Sentinel-1 SAR data from 2017 to 2023 to study land deformation in the junction area of Shijiazhuang\u2013Baoding\u2013Cangzhou\u2013Hengshui. We identified multiple subsidence funnels with a maximum rate exceeding \u2212150 mm\/year and a total deformation surpassing 600 mm. Seasonal decomposition methods accurately separated seasonal signals in the time-series deformation and groundwater level data. An exponential function model applied to long-term deformation showed no significant decrease in subsidence in severely affected areas. By modeling seasonal deformation and seasonal groundwater levels, we determined the elastic skeletal storage coefficients (Ske) to be in the range of 1.02 \u00d7 10\u22123~6.53 \u00d7 10\u22123 in subsidence areas. We obtained the spatiotemporal evolution of the total groundwater storage (TGWS), irreversible ground storage (IGWS), and recoverable ground storage (RGWS). The TGWS and IGWS decreased annually while the RGWS increased, which is attributable to the implementation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) and the issuance of groundwater withdrawal policies in the NCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T08:33:03Z","timestamp":1715589183000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimation of Land Deformation and Groundwater Storage Dynamics in Shijiazhuang\u2013Baoding\u2013Cangzhou\u2013Hengshui Using Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Hunan Geological Disaster Monitoring, Early Warning and Emergency Rescue Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8470-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liuming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8549","article-title":"Mapping the global threat of land subsidence","volume":"371","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.11.077","article-title":"Role of agricultural activity on land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California","volume":"569","author":"Jeanne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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