{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:31:16Z","timestamp":1775842276373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42304036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42304036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023MD054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MD054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QD131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42304036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42304036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023MD054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MD054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QD131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province","award":["42304036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42304036"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2023MD054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MD054"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geomatics and Digital Technology of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021QD131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provides users with all-weather, continuous, high-precision positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. In the operation and use of GNSS, the influence of the space environment is a factor that must be considered. For example, during geomagnetic storms, a series of changes in the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere affect GNSS\u2019s positioning performance. To investigate the positioning performance of global satellite navigation systems during geomagnetic storms, this study selected three geomagnetic storm events that occurred from September to December 2023. Utilizing the global positioning system (GPS)\/Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS) dual-system, kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) experiments were conducted, and the raw observational data from 100 stations worldwide was analyzed. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of some stations in high-latitude areas decreases significantly when using the conventional Geometry Free (GF) cycle-slip detection threshold during geomagnetic storms, which means that the GF is no longer applicable to high-precision positioning services. Meanwhile, there is no significant change in the satellite signal strengths received at the stations during the period of the decrease in positioning accuracy. Analyzing the cycle-slip rates for stations where abnormal accuracy occurred, it was observed that stations experiencing a significant decline in positioning accuracy exhibited serious cycle-slip misjudgments. To improve the kinematic PPP accuracy during magnetic storms, this paper proposes an adaptive threshold for cycle-slip detection and designs five experimental strategies. After using the GF adaptive threshold, the station positioning accuracy improved significantly. It achieved the accuracy level of the quiet period, while the cycle-slip incidence reached the average level. During magnetic storms, the ionosphere changes rapidly, and the use of the traditional GF constant threshold will cause serious cycle-slip misjudgments, which makes the dynamic accuracy in high latitude areas and some mid-latitude areas uncommon, while the use of the GF adaptive threshold can alleviate this phenomenon and improve the positioning accuracy in the high-latitude regions and some of the affected mid-latitude areas during the magnetic storms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1715599097000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Initial Study of Adaptive Threshold Cycle Slip Detection on BDS\/GPS Kinematic Precise Point Positioning during Geomagnetic Storms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, No. 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing BDstar Navigation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.24294\/jgc.v5i2.1676","article-title":"Overview of the development of global navigation satellite system","volume":"5","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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