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In this paper, we present developments of new and emerging remote-sensing technologies of marine plastic litter such as passive techniques: fluid lensing, multi-angle polarimetry, and thermal infrared sensing (TIS); and active techniques: light detection and ranging (LiDAR), multispectral imaging detection and active reflectance (MiDAR), and radio detection and ranging (RADAR). Our review of the detection capabilities and limitations of the different sensing technologies shows that each has their own weaknesses and strengths, and that there is not one single sensing technique that applies to all kinds of marine litter under every different condition in the aquatic environment. Rather, we should focus on the synergy between different technologies to detect marine plastic litter and potentially the use of proxies to estimate its presence. Therefore, in addition to further developing remote-sensing techniques, more research is needed in the composition of marine litter and the relationships between marine plastic litter and their proxies. In this paper, we propose a common vocabulary to help the community to translate concepts among different disciplines and techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T11:26:17Z","timestamp":1715858777000},"page":"1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Emerging Technologies for Remote Sensing of Floating and Submerged Plastic Litter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lonneke","family":"Goddijn-Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso KW14 7EE, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi M.","family":"Dierssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Sciences Department, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8951-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cNello Carrara\u201d Institute of Applied Physics, National Research Council (CNR-IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano, 10-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Erio","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency\u2014ESA\/ESTEC, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1699-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ved","family":"Chirayath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aircraft Center for Earth Studies, University of Miami, FL 33149, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, January 09). 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