{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:49Z","timestamp":1760144749887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the number of new satellites increasing dramatically, comprehensive space surveillance is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, high-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of satellites can provide an in-situ assessment of the satellites. This paper demonstrates that pseudo-noise signals can also be used for satellite imaging, in addition to classical linear frequency-modulated chirp signals. Pseudo-noise transmission signals offer the advantage of very low cross-correlation values. This, for instance, enables the possibility of a system with multiple channels transmitting instantaneously. Furthermore, it can significantly reduce signal interference with other systems operating in the same frequency spectrum, which is of particular interest for high-bandwidth, high-power systems such as satellite imaging radars. A new routine has been introduced to generate a wideband pseudo-noise signal with a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) similar to that of a chirp signal. This is essential for applications where the transmit signal power budget is sharply limited by the high-power amplifier. The paper presents both theoretical descriptions and analysis of the generated pseudo-noise signal as well as the results of an imaging measurement of a real space target using the introduced pseudo-noise signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1716186718000},"page":"1809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging of Space Targets Using Wideband Pseudo-Noise Signals with Low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6332-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Anger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Microwaves and Radar Institute, Muenchenerstrasse 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Jirousek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Microwaves and Radar Institute, Muenchenerstrasse 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Dill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Microwaves and Radar Institute, Muenchenerstrasse 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Peichl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Microwaves and Radar Institute, Muenchenerstrasse 20, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levanon, N., and Mozeson, E. (2004). Radar Signals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. Chapter 4.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663085"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Skolnik, M. (2001). Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palo, F.D., Galati, G., Pavan, G., Wasserzier, C., and Savci, K. (2020). Introduction to Noise Radar and Its Waveforms. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185187"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, G., Pavan, G., De Palo, F., and Stove, A. (2016, January 10\u201312). Potential applications of noise radar technology and related waveform diversity. Proceedings of the 17th International Radar Symposium (IRS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRS.2016.7497329"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savci, K., Galati, G., and Pavan, G. (2021). Low-PAPR Waveforms with Shaped Spectrum for Enhanced Low Probability of Intercept Noise Radars. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122372"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, G., Pavan, G., Savci, K., and Wasserzier, C. (2021). Noise Radar Technology: Waveforms Design and Field Trials. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093216"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Palo, F., and Galati, G. (2015, January 10\u201312). Orthogonal waveforms for multiradar and MIMO radar using noise radar technology. Proceedings of the Signal Processing Symposium (SPSympo), Debe, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPS.2015.7168272"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"146986","article-title":"Noise Radar Technology as an Interference Prevention Method","volume":"2013","author":"Galati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"De Martino, A. (2018). Introduction to Modern EW Systems, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kulpa, K. (2013). Signal Processing in Noise Waveform Radar, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, G., Pavan, G., Savci, K., and Wasserzier, C. (2021). Counter-Interception and Counter-Exploitation Features of Noise Radar Technology. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224509"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn:20089017","article-title":"Signal processing in noise radar technology","volume":"2","author":"Kulpa","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1117\/12.484912","article-title":"Principles and applications of coherent random noise radar technology","volume":"5113","author":"Narayanan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Noise Devices Circuits"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12505","article-title":"High-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of satellites in space","volume":"18","author":"Anger","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Anger, S., Jirousek, M., Dill, S., and Peichl, M. (2022, January 25\u201327). Imaging of objects in space using arbitrary transmit signals. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1017\/S175907871500063X","article-title":"GigaRad\u2014A multi-purpose high-resolution ground-based radar system concept, error correction strategies and performance verification","volume":"7","author":"Jirousek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jirousek, M., Dill, S., Schreiber, E., Anger, S., Peichl, M., and Schreiber, H. (2018, January 12\u201314). Characteristics of the high-performance highly digitized multi-purpose radar system GigaRad: System Concept, System Correction and Calibration, Applications. Proceedings of the 2018 11th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), Freiburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.23919\/GEMIC.2018.8335113"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lindner, J. (2005). Informations\u00fcbertragung, Springer. Springer-Lehrbuch."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ohm, J.R., and L\u00fcke, H.D. (2010). Signal\u00fcbertragung Grundlagen der Digitalen und Analogen Nachrichten\u00fcbertragungssysteme, Springer. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1109\/5.135376","article-title":"Estimating and interpreting the instantaneous frequency of a signal. I. Fundamentals","volume":"80","author":"Boashash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ipatov, V. (2005). Spread Spectrum and CDMA: Principles and Applications, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470091800"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0100","article-title":"Ambiguity function and accuracy of the hyperbolic chirp: Comparison with the linear chirp","volume":"11","author":"Balleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20030702","article-title":"Generalised wideband ambiguity function of a coherent ultrawideband random noise radar","volume":"150","author":"Dawood","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sune, R.A. (2006, January 24\u201326). Generalized Ambiguity Functions for Ultra Wide Band Random Waveforms. Proceedings of the International Radar Symposium, Krakow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1981.1171180","article-title":"Generalized wideband crossambiguity function","volume":"6","author":"Sibul","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2032456","article-title":"Adaptive Design of OFDM Radar Signal With Improved Wideband Ambiguity Function","volume":"58","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"106330L","article-title":"Imaging of satellites in space (IoSiS): Challenges in image processing of ground-based high-resolution ISAR data","volume":"Volume 10633","author":"Ranney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Radar Sensor Technology XXII"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montenbruck, O., and Gill, E. (2000). Satellite Orbits: Models, Methods, and Applications, Springer. Physics and Astronomy Online Library.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58351-3"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2004.09.001","article-title":"The spectral kurtosis: A useful tool for characterising non-stationary signals","volume":"20","author":"Antoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2004.09.002","article-title":"The spectral kurtosis: Application to the vibratory surveillance and diagnostics of rotating machines","volume":"20","author":"Antoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Peeters, G. (2004). A Large Set of Audio Features for Sound Description (Similarity and Classification) in the CUIDADO Project, Icram. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anger, S., Jirousek, M., Dill, S., and Peichl, M. (2021, January 21\u201322). ISAR imaging of space objects using large observation angles. Proceedings of the 21st International Radar Symposium (IRS), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.23919\/IRS51887.2021.9466183"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"427","article-title":"Navel Research Laboratory Satellites 1960\u2013 1989","volume":"50","author":"McDowell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Br. Interplanet. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/10\/1809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:45:09Z","timestamp":1760107509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/10\/1809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16101809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16101809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]}}}