{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:52Z","timestamp":1760144752879,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004613","name":"China Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DD20221645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20221645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chemical distribution on the lunar surface results from the combined effects of both endogenic and exogenic geological processes. Exploring global maps of chemical composition helps to gain insights into the compositional variation among three major geological units, unraveling the geological evolution of the Moon. The existing oxide abundance maps were obtained from spectral images of remote sensing and geochemical data from samples returned by Apollo and Luna, missing the chemical characteristics of the Moon\u2019s late critical period. In this study, by adding geochemical data from Chang\u2019e (CE)-5 lunar samples, we construct inversion models between the Christiansen feature (CF) and oxide abundance of lunar samples using the particle swarm optimization\u2013extreme gradient boosting (PSO-XGBoost) algorithm. Then, new global oxide maps (Al2O3, CaO, FeO, and MgO) and Mg# with the resolution of 32 pixels\/degree (ppd) were produced, which reduced the space weathering effect to some extent. The PSO-XGBoost models were compared with partial least square regression (PLSR) models and four previous results, indicating that PSO-XGBoost models possess the capability to effectively describe nonlinear relationships between CF and oxide abundance. Furthermore, the average contents of our results and the Diviner results for 21 major maria demonstrate high correlations, with R2 of 0.95, 0.82, 0.95, and 0.86, respectively. In addition, a new Mg# map was generated, which reveals different magmatic evolutionary processes in the three geologic units.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1716203201000},"page":"1812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global Inversion of Lunar Surface Oxides by Adding Chang\u2019e-5 Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Research for Land Resources Information, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Research for Land Resources Information, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Chenli","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Research for Land Resources Information, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Research for Land Resources Information, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Research for Land Resources Information, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5214.1150","article-title":"Abundance and Distribution of Iron on the Moon","volume":"268","author":"Lucey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Otake, H., Ohtake, M., and Hirata, N. 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