{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:25:42Z","timestamp":1785547542783,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\u201300111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u201300111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency (ESA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Agency","award":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"]}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Agency","award":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"]}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Agency","award":["2021\u201300111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u201300111"]}]},{"name":"Swedish National Space Agency","award":["DNRF173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF173"]}]},{"name":"Danish National Research Foundation","award":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000136180\/21\/I-NB"]}]},{"name":"Danish National Research Foundation","award":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSA 2021\u201300144"]}]},{"name":"Danish National Research Foundation","award":["2021\u201300111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u201300111"]}]},{"name":"Danish National Research Foundation","award":["DNRF173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring ecosystems at regional or continental scales is paramount for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and sustainable land management. Effective monitoring requires satellite imagery with both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. However, there is currently no single, freely available data source that fulfills these needs. A seamless fusion of data from the Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2 optical sensors could meet these monitoring requirements as Sentinel-2 observes at the required spatial resolution (10 m) while Sentinel-3 observes at the required temporal resolution (daily). We introduce the Efficient Fusion Algorithm across Spatio-Temporal scales (EFAST), which interpolates Sentinel-2 data into smooth time series (both spatially and temporally). This interpolation is informed by Sentinel-3\u2019s temporal profile such that the phenological changes occurring between two Sentinel-2 acquisitions at a 10 m resolution are assumed to mirror those observed at Sentinel-3\u2019s resolution. The EFAST consists of a weighted sum of Sentinel-2 images (weighted by a distance-to-clouds score) coupled with a phenological correction derived from Sentinel-3. We validate the capacity of our method to reconstruct the phenological profile at a 10 m resolution over one rangeland area and one irrigated cropland area. The EFAST outperforms classical interpolation techniques over both rangeland (\u221272% in the mean absolute error, MAE) and agricultural areas (\u221243% MAE); it presents a performance comparable to the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) (+5% MAE in both test areas) while being 140 times faster. The computational efficiency of our approach and its temporal smoothing enable the creation of seamless and high-resolution phenology products on a regional to continental scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T06:54:09Z","timestamp":1716360849000},"page":"1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fast Fusion of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 Time Series over Rangelands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Senty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI Water & Environment, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radoslaw","family":"Guzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI Water & Environment, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI Water & Environment, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Buitenwerf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Ard\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Eklundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkiviadis","family":"Koukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI Water & Environment, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torbern","family":"Tagesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3281-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Munk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI Water & Environment, 2970 H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01451-x","article-title":"Priority list of biodiversity metrics to observe from space","volume":"5","author":"Skidmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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