{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T01:30:04Z","timestamp":1776907804090,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61873064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61873064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The traditional receiver employs scalar tracking loops, resulting in degraded navigation performance in weak signal and high dynamic scenarios. An innovative design of a vector tracking receiver based on nonlinear Kalman filter (KF) tracking loops is proposed in this paper, which combines the strengths of both vector tracking and KF-based tracking loops. First, a comprehensive description of the vector tracking receiver model is presented, and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is applied to nonlinear tracking loop. Second, to enhance the stability and robustness of the KF tracking loop, we introduce square root filtering and an adaptive mechanism. The tracking loop based on square root UKF (SRUKF) can dynamically adjust its filtering parameters based on signal noise and feedback Doppler error. Finally, the proposed method is implemented on a software-defined receiver (SDR), and the field vehicle experiment demonstrates the superiority of this method over other tracking methods in complex dynamic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T06:54:09Z","timestamp":1716360849000},"page":"1836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Performance Enhancement and Evaluation of a Vector Tracking Receiver Using Adaptive Tracking Loops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6896-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8055-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01193-0","article-title":"Performance assessment of a low-complexity autoregressive Kalman filter for GNSS carrier tracking using real scintillation time series","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1313","article-title":"GNSS vector tracking method using graph optimization","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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