{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:46:11Z","timestamp":1777409171741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42074018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42061134007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42061134007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42004071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004071"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42394132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42394132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2016, the Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography) ocean salinity data has exhibited significant drift, directly affecting the accurate quantification of the global steric sea level (SSL) rates. To further investigate how salinity drift affects the estimation of SSL rates in different depths and regions, we divide the 0\u20132000 m into three layers (0\u2013300 m, 300\u20131000 m and 1000\u20132000 m) and select five open oceans (the South and North Pacific, the South and North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean) for discussion. By comparing the SSL rates between the periods of 2005\u20132015 and 2005\u20132019, we can evaluate the impact of salinity drift. Taking the estimated results from the IPRC (provided by the International Pacific Research Center at the University of Hawaii) and BOA (provided by the Second Institute of Oceanography, China) data as examples, we find that the effect of salinity drift is the largest at the depth of 1000\u20132000 m, about 29% for IPRC data and about 18% for BOA data. Moreover, the South Atlantic is susceptible to the effects of salinity drift, with an approximately 13% impact for IPRC data and 21% for BOA data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T09:04:25Z","timestamp":1716455065000},"page":"1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Argo Salinity Drift since 2016 on the Estimation of Regional Steric Sea Level Change Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3212-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility (PGMF), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility (PGMF), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility (PGMF), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility (PGMF), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhicai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"National Precise Gravity Measurement Facility (PGMF), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yoro, K.O., and Daramola, M.O. (2020). Advances in Carbon Capture, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00432","article-title":"Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance","volume":"6","author":"Meyssignac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7619","article-title":"How fast are the oceans warming?","volume":"363","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1071-0","article-title":"Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016","volume":"568","author":"Zemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E04355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04355","article-title":"Global warming leading to alarming recession of the Arctic sea-ice cover: Insights from remote sensing observations and model reanalysis","volume":"6","author":"Avinash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154580","article-title":"Impact of Artificial Reservoir Water Impoundment on Global Sea Level","volume":"320","author":"Chao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8386","article-title":"A decade of sea level rise slowed by climate-driven hydrology","volume":"351","author":"Reager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1049-3","article-title":"Detecting Regional Deep Ocean Warming below 2000 meter Based on Altimetry, GRACE, Argo, and CTD Data","volume":"38","author":"Yuanyuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmospheric Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/rog.20022","article-title":"A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change","volume":"51","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2000.33","article-title":"The ARGO project: Global ocean observations for understanding for understanding and prediction of climate variability","volume":"13","author":"Roemmich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090656","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090656","article-title":"Global ocean mass change from GRACE and GRACE follow-on and altimeter and Argo measurements","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL092824","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092824","article-title":"Contributions of altimetry and Argo to non-closure of the global mean sea level budget since 2016","volume":"48","author":"Barnoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL092935","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092935","article-title":"How salty is the global ocean: Weighing it all or tasting it a sip at a time?","volume":"48","author":"Ponte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.03.004","article-title":"The 2004\u20132008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program","volume":"82","author":"Roemmich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012285","article-title":"Development of a global gridded Argo data set with Barnes successive corrections","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002532","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002532","article-title":"A comparative study of the Argo-era ocean heat content among four different types of data sets","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-12-00079.1","article-title":"A New Digital Map of Limits of Oceans and Seas Consistent with High-Resolution Global Shorelines","volume":"29","author":"Fourcy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2014.04.008","article-title":"Mass-induced sea level variations in the Red Sea from GRACE, steric-corrected altimetry, in-situ bottom pressure records, and hydrographic observations","volume":"78","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuanyuan, Y., Wei, F., Min, Z., Dapeng, M., and Yanli, Y. (2022). Basin-Scale Sea Level Budget from Satellite Altimetry, Satellite Gravimetry, and Argo Data over 2005 to 2019. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184637"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggs030","article-title":"Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica and Canada","volume":"192","author":"Geruo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03556.x","article-title":"Inference of mantle viscosity from GRACE and relative sea level data","volume":"171","author":"Paulson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013844","article-title":"Comment on \u201cAn Assessment of the ICE-6G_C (VM5a) Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model\u201d by Purcell et al","volume":"123","author":"Peltier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016095","article-title":"Quantification of ocean mass change using gravity recovery and climate experiment, satellite altimeter, and Argo floats observations","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014341","article-title":"Processing choices affect ocean mass estimates from GRACE","volume":"124","author":"Uebbing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"35","article-title":"Progress and prospect of GRACE Mascon product and its application","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys. Planet. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"266","article-title":"Progress and prospect of sea level changes of global and China nearby seas","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys. Planet. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130245","article-title":"How 2022 extreme drought influences the spatiotemporal variations of terrestrial water storage in the Yangtze River Catchment: Insights from GRACE-based drought severity index and in-situ measurements","volume":"626","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.130995","article-title":"Characterizing the drought events in Yangtze River basin via the insight view of its sub-basins water storage variations","volume":"633","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/11\/1855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:47:06Z","timestamp":1760107626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/11\/1855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16111855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16111855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}}}