{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:24:01Z","timestamp":1769523841687,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["C645112083-00000059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645112083-00000059"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["C645112083-00000059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645112083-00000059"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["C645112083-00000059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645112083-00000059"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["C645112083-00000059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645112083-00000059"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"INCIPIT-CSIC","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-070150"]}]},{"name":"INCIPIT-CSIC","award":["C645112083-00000059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645112083-00000059"]}]},{"name":"INCIPIT-CSIC","award":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0 BG-RRP-2.004-0005"]}]},{"name":"INCIPIT-CSIC","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020-UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing relevance of remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) for archaeological research and cultural heritage management is undeniable. However, there is a critical gap in this field. Many studies conclude with identifying hundreds or even thousands of potential sites, but very few follow through with crucial fieldwork validation to confirm their existence. This research addresses this gap by proposing and implementing a fieldwork validation pipeline. In northern Portugal\u2019s Alto Minho region, we employed this pipeline to verify 237 potential burial mounds identified by an AI-powered algorithm. Fieldwork provided valuable information on the optimal conditions for burial mounds and the specific factors that led the algorithm to err. Based on these insights, we implemented two key improvements to the algorithm. First, we incorporated a slope map derived from LiDAR-generated terrain models to eliminate potential burial mound inferences in areas with high slopes. Second, we trained a Vision Transformer model using digital orthophotos of both confirmed burial mounds and previously identified False Positives. This further refines the algorithm\u2019s ability to distinguish genuine sites. The improved algorithm was then tested in two areas: the original Alto Minho validation region and the Barbanza region in Spain, where the location of burial mounds was well established through prior field work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T05:19:49Z","timestamp":1716873589000},"page":"1933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Synergy between Artificial Intelligence, Remote Sensing, and Archaeological Fieldwork Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Canedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications\/Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro\/Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6362-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Hip\u00f3lito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERA Arqueologia, Cal\u00e7ada de Santa Catarina, 9C, 1495-705 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAIA, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERA Arqueologia, Cal\u00e7ada de Santa Catarina, 9C, 1495-705 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2691-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"do Pereiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERA Arqueologia, Cal\u00e7ada de Santa Catarina, 9C, 1495-705 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petia","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications\/Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro\/Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAIA, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAIA, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"},{"name":"N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAIA, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pastor","family":"F\u00e1brega-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Edificio Font\u00e1n, Bloque 4, Cidade da Cultura, Monte Gaias s\/n, 15707 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Men\u00e9ndez-Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications\/Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro\/Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J. R.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications\/Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro\/Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1833","article-title":"Applying automated object detection in archaeological practice: A case study from the southern Netherlands","volume":"29","author":"Lambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005583117","article-title":"Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite data","volume":"117","author":"Orengo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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