{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:33Z","timestamp":1760144853998,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801233","61801445","JKW202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801233","61801445","JKW202209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of State Key Laboratory","award":["61801233","61801445","JKW202209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801233","61801445","JKW202209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Battlefield surveillance radar is usually 2-D radar, which cannot realize target three-dimensional localization, leading to poor resolution for the air target in the elevation dimension. Previous researchers have used the Traditional Height Finder Radar (HFR) or multiple 2-D radar networking to estimate the target three-dimensional location. However, all of them face the problems of high cost, poor real-time performance and high requirement of space\u2013time registration. In this paper, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) with low cost are introduced into the 2-D radar to realize the target three-dimensional localization. Taking advantage of the wide beam of 2-D radar in the elevation dimension, several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) carrying RISs are set in the receiving beam to form multiple auxiliary measurement channels. In addition, the traditional 2-D radar measurements combined with the auxiliary channel measurements are used to realize the target three-dimensional localization by solving a nonlinear least square problem with a convex optimization method. For the proposed RIS-assisted target three-dimensional localization problem, the Cramer\u2013Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is derived to measure the target localization accuracy. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed 3-D localization method, and the influences of the number, the positions and the site errors of the RISs on the localization accuracy are covered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1716881919000},"page":"1936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Target Three-Dimensional Localization with 2-D Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Jirui","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdavi, A., Moqiseh, A., and Nayebi, M.M. 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