{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:16:10Z","timestamp":1765995370642,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42275060","2021JJ10048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275060","2021JJ10048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Scientist Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["42275060","2021JJ10048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275060","2021JJ10048"]}]},{"name":"\u201cWestern Light\u2019\u2019 Cross-Team Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory Cooperative Research Project","award":["42275060","2021JJ10048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275060","2021JJ10048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mars atmospheric dynamics are crucial for understanding its climate and weather patterns, especially over plateaus. Previous studies have explored localized atmospheric heating mechanisms over Mars plateaus only to a little extent. The local atmospheric heating dynamics over the Tharsis plateau, especially during global dust storms (GDSs), have not been quantitatively analyzed before. Based on reanalysis datasets, our analysis reveals that the central highlands of Tharsis experience ~130 K diurnal temperature fluctuations, driven by intense daytime convective activity. Surface temperature and near-surface air temperatures show fluctuations approximately 25 K and 20 K higher than those at similar latitudes, respectively. We quantify a super-adiabatic lapse rate around noon that suggests strong atmospheric instability, previously unquantified in this region. By dusk, the atmosphere stabilizes, presenting a homogenized condition. At aphelion, sensible heating and adiabatic terms control the atmospheric heating, while, at perihelion, radiative and sensible heating predominate. Notably, the onset of GDS significantly alters this dynamic, reducing the ground\u2013air temperature gap from 17 K to 5 K and enhancing diabatic heating (adiabatic cooling) in the mid-to-lower (mid-to-upper) troposphere, with increases in radiative components up to 60 W\/m2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Atmospheric Heating Mechanism over the Tharsis Bulge of Mars and the Impact of Global Dust Storms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road in Kaifu District, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road in Kaifu District, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Mingyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, 109 Deya Road in Kaifu District, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022RG000771","DOI":"10.1029\/2022RG000771","article-title":"Global Climate Impacts of Land-Surface and Atmospheric Processes Over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwu045","article-title":"Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: Recent research progress and outlook","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0018.1","article-title":"Impacts of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meteorol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0734.1","article-title":"Portraying the Impact of the Tibetan Plateau on Global Climate","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD034840","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD034840","article-title":"Mechanism of Atmospheric Diabatic Heating Effect on the Intensity of Zonal Shear Line Over the Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Summer","volume":"126","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-023-00505-0","article-title":"A dynamic link between spring Arctic sea ice and the Tibetan Plateau snow increment indicator","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-023-2275-7","article-title":"Mechanism of Diabatic Heating on Precipitation and the Track of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex over the Eastern Slope of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-004-0488-8","article-title":"Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia","volume":"24","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM609.1","article-title":"The Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<0305:MOHATB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mechanism of Heating and the Boundary Layer over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Yanai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL092413","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092413","article-title":"Intense Zonal Wind in the Martian Mesosphere During the 2018 Planet-Encircling Dust Event Observed by Ground-Based Infrared Heterodyne Spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JE007102","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JE007102","article-title":"Martian Dust Storms and Gravity Waves: Disentangling Water Transport to the Upper Atmosphere","volume":"127","author":"Shaposhnikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL092095","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL092095","article-title":"Dust Storm-Enhanced Gravity Wave Activity in the Martian Thermosphere Observed by MAVEN and Implication for Atmospheric Escape","volume":"48","author":"Medvedev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2022.104023","article-title":"Earth-like thermal and dynamical coupling processes in the Martian climate system","volume":"229","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1029\/JA087iA02p00867","article-title":"Long cloud observations on Mars and implications for boundary layer characteristics over slopes","volume":"87","author":"Kahn","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E01002","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002129","article-title":"Temperature inversions, thermal tides, and water ice clouds in the Martian tropics","volume":"109","author":"Hinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L02710","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027976","article-title":"Diurnal variation and radiative influence of Martian water ice clouds","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-1035(03)00175-1","article-title":"The seasonal behavior of water ice clouds in the Tharsis and Valles Marineris regions of Mars: Mars Orbiter Camera Observations","volume":"165","author":"Benson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10004","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JE002284","article-title":"Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model","volume":"109","author":"Montmessin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.09.036","article-title":"Global modelling of the early martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: Water cycle and ice evolution","volume":"222","author":"Wordsworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL083936","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083936","article-title":"Surface Warming During the 2018\/Mars Year 34 Global Dust Storm","volume":"47","author":"Streeter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.930","article-title":"Mechanisms of the diurnal cycle in the atmospheric boundary layer of Mars","volume":"138","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.61","article-title":"Radiative and turbulent heating rates in the clear-air boundary layer","volume":"132","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.09","article-title":"Effects of CO2 and dust on present-day solar radiation and climate on Mars","volume":"131","author":"Crisp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2011.05.001","article-title":"Influence of dust on the dynamics of the martian atmosphere above the first scale height","volume":"3","author":"Medvedev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(77)90088-4","article-title":"Physical properties of the particles composing the Martian dust storm of 1971\u20131972","volume":"30","author":"Toon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E95098","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002058","article-title":"Mars aerosol studies with the MGS TES emission phase function observations: Optical depths, particle sizes, and ice cloud types versus latitude and solar longitude","volume":"108","author":"Clancy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2009.10.011","article-title":"Extension of atmospheric dust loading to high altitudes during the 2001 Mars dust storm: MGS TES limb observations","volume":"207","author":"Clancy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1134\/S0038094609050025","article-title":"The retrieval of altitude profiles of the Martian aerosol microphysical characteristics from the limb measurements of the Mars Express OMEGA spectrometer","volume":"43","author":"Vasilyev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sol. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.12.001","article-title":"A complete climatology of the aerosol vertical distribution on Mars from MEx\/SPICAM UV solar occultations","volume":"223","author":"Listowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JE004704","article-title":"The vertical distribution of Martian aerosol particle size","volume":"119","author":"Guzewich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JE007560","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JE007560","article-title":"Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth Observed by MEDA\/TIRS at Jezero Crater, Mars","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2024.02.047","article-title":"Development and testing of the MicroMED sensor: From BreadBoard model to flight model","volume":"73","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006556","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006556","article-title":"Gravity Wave Activity in the Atmosphere of Mars During the 2018 Global Dust Storm: Simulations with a High-Resolution Model","volume":"125","author":"Kuroda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JE004429","article-title":"General circulation modeling of the Martian upper atmosphere during global dust storms","volume":"118","author":"Medvedev","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083207","article-title":"The Onset and Growth of the 2018 Martian Global Dust Storm","volume":"46","author":"Delcroix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006774","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006774","article-title":"Asymmetric Impacts on Mars\u2019 Polar Vortices from an Equinoctial Global Dust Storm","volume":"126","author":"Streeter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ace43e","article-title":"Enhanced Hydrogen Escape on Mars during the 2018 Global Dust Storm: Impact of Horizontal Wind Field","volume":"953","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16543-8","article-title":"Mineral dust increases the habitability of terrestrial planets but confounds biomarker detection","volume":"11","author":"Boutle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2007.08.003","article-title":"Albedo models for the residual south polar cap on Mars: Implications for the stability of the cap under near-perihelion global dust storm conditions","volume":"56","author":"Bonev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01320-1","article-title":"Southeast Asian ecological dependency on Tibetan Plateau streamflow over the last millennium","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.07.019","article-title":"Oceanic repeaters boost the global climatic impact of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"68","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Wang, M., Wang, J., Ma, X., Luo, J., and Yao, X. (2023). Diurnal Variation Characteristics of the Surface Sensible Heat Flux over the Tibetan Plateau. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010128"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.77","article-title":"The Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS) Version 1.0","volume":"6","author":"Greybush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01909-y","article-title":"Observation based climatology Martian atmospheric waves perturbation Datasets","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.13","article-title":"The Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) Dataset V1.0","volume":"1","author":"Montabone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2020.104962","article-title":"OpenMARS: A global record of martian weather from 1999\u20132015","volume":"188","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-021-01447-4","article-title":"Annular modes of variability in the atmospheres of Mars and Titan","volume":"5","author":"Battalio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006480","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006480","article-title":"Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Martian Atmosphere from PFS\/MEX Observations","volume":"126","author":"Bouche","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2024.105865","article-title":"Seasonal variation in atmospheric optical depth (AOD) and thermal inertia (TI) inter-relationship over Martian Gale crater","volume":"242","author":"Shaheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8140","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028140","article-title":"Solar tides in the middle and upper atmosphere of Mars","volume":"125","author":"Forbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JE003285","article-title":"Thermal tides in the Martian middle atmosphere as seen by the Mars Climate Sounder","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JE004922","article-title":"Seasonal variation of Martian middle atmosphere tides observed by the Mars Climate Sounder","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14510-x","article-title":"Dust tides and rapid meridional motions in the Martian atmosphere during major dust storms","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Williams, D.R. (2024, January 10). Mars Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/factsheet\/marsfact.html."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S., Li, Y., Shi, C., and Guo, D. (2022). Combined Effects of the ENSO and the QBO on the Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194935"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/11\/1950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:05Z","timestamp":1760107805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/11\/1950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16111950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16111950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}