{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T04:02:48Z","timestamp":1772683368815,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion (KIMST)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion (KIMST)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD20200854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD20200854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pukyong National University Research Fund (or Pukyong National University Research Foundation, Dongwon Research Foundation)","award":["20220407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220407"]}]},{"name":"Pukyong National University Research Fund (or Pukyong National University Research Foundation, Dongwon Research Foundation)","award":["CD20200854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD20200854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the near-surface dispersion mechanisms of contaminants in coastal waters, leveraging a comprehensive method that includes using dye and drifters as tracers, coupled with diverse observational platforms like drones, satellites, in situ sampling, and HF radar. The aim is to deepen our understanding of surface currents\u2019 impact on contaminant dispersion, thereby improving predictive models for managing environmental incidents such as pollutant releases. Rhodamine WT dye, chosen for its significant fluorescent properties and detectability, along with drifter data, allowed us to investigate the dynamics of near-surface physical phenomena such as the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and wind-driven currents. Our research emphasizes the importance of integrating scalar tracers and Lagrangian markers in experimental designs, revealing differential dispersion behaviors due to near-surface vertical shear caused by the Ekman current and Stokes drift. During slow-current conditions, the elongation direction of the dye patch aligned well with the direction of a depth-averaged Ekman spiral, or Ekman transport. Analytical calculations of vertical shear, based on the Ekman current and Stokes drift, closely matched those derived from tracer observations. Over a 7 h experiment, the vertical diffusivity near the surface was first observed at the early stages of scalar mixing, with a value of 1.9\u00d710\u22124\u00a0m2\/s, and the horizontal eddy diffusivity of the dye patch and drifters reached the order of 1 m2\/s at a 1000 m length scale. Particle tracking models demonstrate that while HF radar currents can effectively predict the trajectories of tracers near the surface, incorporating near-surface currents, including the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and windage, is essential for a more accurate prediction of the fate of surface floats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16111985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T11:43:48Z","timestamp":1717155828000},"page":"1985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Near-Surface Dispersion and Current Observations Using Dye, Drifters, and HF Radar in Coastal Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keunyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Thi My","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Engineering, College of Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Min","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Circulation & Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Young Baek","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical & Subtropical Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3862-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Circulation & Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hyung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geun-Ho","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Myoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Engineering, College of Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00047.1","article-title":"The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy","volume":"95","author":"Bojinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. 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