{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:07:57Z","timestamp":1764842877999,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-004974-2017","LSP20-18304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-004974-2017","LSP20-18304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008762","name":"Genome Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-004974-2017","LSP20-18304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-004974-2017","LSP20-18304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a heightened risk of an oil spill occurring in the Arctic, as climate change driven sea ice loss permits an increase in Arctic marine transportation. The ability to detect an oil spill and monitor its progression is key to enacting an effective response. Microwave scatterometer systems may be used detect changes in sea ice thermodynamic and physical properties, so we examined the potential of C-band polarimetric radar for detecting diesel fuel beneath a thin sea ice layer. Sea ice physical properties, including thickness, temperature, and salinity, were measured before and after diesel addition beneath the ice. Time-series polarimetric C-band scatterometer measurements monitored the sea ice evolution and diesel migration to the sea ice surface. We characterized the temporal evolution of the diesel-contaminated seawater and sea ice by monitoring the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and polarimetric parameters (conformity coefficient (\u03bc), copolarization correlation coefficient (\u03c1co)) at 20\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 incidence angles. We delineated three stages, with distinct NRCS and polarimetric results, which could be connected to the thermophysical state and the presence of diesel on the surface. Stage 1 described the initial formation of sea ice, while in Stage 2, we injected 20L of diesel beneath the sea ice. No immediate response was noted in the radar measurements. With the emergence of diesel on the sea ice surface, denoted by Stage 3, the NRCS dropped substantially. The largest response was for VV and HH polarizations at 20\u00b0 incidence angle. Physical sampling indicated that diesel emerged to the surface of the sea ice and trended towards the tub edge and the polarimetric scatterometer was sensitive to these physical changes. This study contributes to a greater understanding of how C-band frequencies can be used to monitor oil products in the Arctic and act as a baseline for the interpretation of satellite data. Additionally, these findings will assist in the development of standards for oil and diesel fuel detection in the Canadian Arctic in association with the Canadian Standards Association Group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16112002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of C-Band Polarimetric Radar for the Detection of Diesel Fuel in Newly Formed Sea Ice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8359-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Zabihi Mayvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvis","family":"Asihene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Durell S.","family":"Desmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Polcwiartek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Isleifson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00113.1","article-title":"Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover","volume":"25","author":"Comiso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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