{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T16:37:34Z","timestamp":1781368654139,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australia Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP210100296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210100296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australia Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200100762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pawsey Supercomputing Centre","award":["DP210100296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210100296"]}]},{"name":"Pawsey Supercomputing Centre","award":["DP200100762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100762"]}]},{"name":"Australian Government","award":["DP210100296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210100296"]}]},{"name":"Australian Government","award":["DP200100762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100762"]}]},{"name":"Government of Western Australia","award":["DP210100296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210100296"]}]},{"name":"Government of Western Australia","award":["DP200100762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100762"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weeds pose a significant threat to agricultural production, leading to substantial yield losses and increased herbicide usage, with severe economic and environmental implications. This paper uses deep learning to explore a novel approach via targeted segmentation mapping of crop plants rather than weeds, focusing on canola (Brassica napus) as the target crop. Multiple deep learning architectures (ResNet-18, ResNet-34, and VGG-16) were trained for the pixel-wise segmentation of canola plants in the presence of other plant species, assuming all non-canola plants are weeds. Three distinct datasets (T1_miling, T2_miling, and YC) containing 3799 images of canola plants in varying field conditions alongside other plant species were collected with handheld devices at 1.5 m. The top performing model, ResNet-34, achieved an average precision of 0.84, a recall of 0.87, a Jaccard index (IoU) of 0.77, and a Macro F1 score of 0.85, with some variations between datasets. This approach offers increased feature variety for model learning, making it applicable to the identification of a wide range of weed species growing among canola plants, without the need for separate weed datasets. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of accounting for the growth stage and positioning of plants in field conditions when developing weed detection models. The study contributes to the growing field of precision agriculture and offers a promising alternative strategy for weed detection in diverse field environments, with implications for the development of innovative weed control techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16112041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1717675468000},"page":"2041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Focus on the Crop Not the Weed: Canola Identification for Precision Weed Management Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Mckay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica F.","family":"Danilevicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael B.","family":"Ashworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Lujan","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shriprabha R.","family":"Upadhyaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bennamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shahbandeh, M. 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