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Project in Shanxi Province","award":["42330603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3007501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3007501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3704000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3704000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202202150401009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202150401009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42330603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to investigate the variations of cloud and aerosol vertical profiles over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in winter, we performed ground-based lidar observations in Lhasa, a city on the TP, from November 2021 to January 2022. The profiles of extinction coefficient, depolarization ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were retrieved using the atmospheric echo signals collected by the lidar. Clouds were identified by the range-correction echo signals and classified into water clouds, mixed clouds, horizontally oriented ice crystal clouds (HOICC), and ice clouds by the depolarization ratio and the hourly temperature from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5). The clouds mainly appeared at a height of 3~5 km from 14:00\u201322:00 Beijing Time throughout the field campaign. The height and frequency (~30%) for cloud appearance were significantly lower than that reported in previous studies in summer. The cloud categories were dominated by mixed clouds and ice clouds during the observation period. The proportions of ice clouds gradually increased with increasing heights. After eliminating profiles influenced by clouds, the aerosol extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio were obtained, and the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) was calculated. The aerosol extinction coefficient decreased with increasing height in the ABLH, and there were no obvious changes for the aerosol extinction coefficient above the ABL. The aerosol extinction coefficients near the Earth\u2019s surface presented two peaks, appearing in the morning and evening, respectively. The high aerosols at the surface in the morning continually spread upward for 4\u20135 h and finally reached an altitude of 1 km with the development of ABLH. In addition, the depolarization ratio of aerosols decreased slowly with increasing altitudes. There was no obvious diurnal variation for depolarization ratios, indicating partly that the source of aerosols did not change significantly. These results are beneficial in understanding the evolution of cloud and aerosol vertical profiles over the TP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:43:42Z","timestamp":1717757022000},"page":"2074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics of Cloud and Aerosol Derived from Lidar Observations during Winter in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Siyang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Zangjia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tibet Autonomous Region Atmospheric Detection Technology and Equipment Support Center, Lhasa 850000, China"}]},{"given":"Guangqiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}]},{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48100-0_2","article-title":"Microstructure of Atmospheric Clouds and Precipitation","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Pruppacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3313798","article-title":"Classification of Cloud Phase Using Combined Ground-Based Polarization Lidar and Millimeter Cloud Radar Observations Over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"61","author":"Bian","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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