{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:35:22Z","timestamp":1767713722622,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590853","2022YFB3902100","CBAS2022IRP02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the challenge of achieving both temporal consistency and spatial continuity in Earth observation data of polar regions, this paper proposes an innovative concept of Moon-based\/Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) Spaceborne Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (MH-BiSAR), with transmitters on the Moon and receivers on HEO satellites. By utilizing ephemeris data and an orbit propagator, this study explores MH-BiSAR\u2019s geometric coverage capabilities in polar regions and conducts a preliminary analysis of its characteristics. The findings reveal that MH-BiSAR could provide continuous multi-day revisit observations of polar regions within each sidereal month, presenting a significant advantage for monitoring high-dynamic and large-scale scientific phenomena, such as polar sea ice observations. This innovative observational method offers a new perspective for polar monitoring and is expected to deepen our understanding of polar phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T08:49:03Z","timestamp":1718009343000},"page":"2086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Exploration of Coverage for Moon-Based\/HEO Spaceborne Bistatic SAR Earth Observation in Polar Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1770-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huadong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.028","article-title":"GMES Sentinel-1 mission","volume":"120","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf7787","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf7787","article-title":"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo1324","article-title":"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters","volume":"379","author":"Rounce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"208","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on Arctic sea ice","volume":"2020","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MCCIP Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-009","article-title":"Observing polar regions from space: Advantages of a satellite system on a highly elliptical orbit versus a constellation of low Earth polar orbiters","volume":"38","author":"Trishchenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373921120013","article-title":"Arktika-M: The World\u2019s First Highly Elliptical Orbit Hydrometeorological Space System","volume":"46","author":"Asmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, J., and Duan, C. (2019, January 26\u201329). Imaging characteristic for large elliptical orbit SAR. Proceedings of the 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSAR46974.2019.9048412"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Wang, P., Zeng, H., and Guo, Y. (2021). An Improved Equivalent Squint Range Model and Imaging Approach for Sliding Spotlight SAR Based on Highly Elliptical Orbit. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234883"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7750","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2318171","article-title":"System Design for Geosynchronous Synthetic Aperture Radar Missions","volume":"52","author":"Hobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moussessian, A., Chen, C., Edelstein, W., Madsen, S., and Rosen, P. System concepts and technologies for high orbit SAR. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005, Long Beach, CA, USA, 17 June.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2005.1517017"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93473","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927811","article-title":"A Review of the Space Environment Effects on Spacecraft in Different Orbits","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2014.09.012","article-title":"Highly Elliptical Orbits for Arctic observations: Assessment of ionizing radiation","volume":"54","author":"Trichtchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.11728\/cjss2022.04.yg28","article-title":"A Brief Introduction to the International Lunar Research Station Program and the Interstellar Express Mission","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"10","article-title":"International Lunar Research Station","volume":"24","author":"Weiren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aerosp. China"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.08.014","article-title":"Moon-based Earth observation","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1356879","article-title":"Moon-based Earth observation: Scientific concept and potential applications","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2041463","article-title":"Potentials and Limitations of Moon-Borne SAR Imaging","volume":"48","author":"Fornaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1734258","article-title":"An exploratory study on moon-based observation coverage of sea ice from the geometry","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2471082","article-title":"Synchronization and Processing in the HITCHHIKER Bistatic SAR Experiment","volume":"9","author":"Behner","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217319","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3310613","article-title":"First Demonstration of RFI Mitigation in the Phase Synchronization of LT-1 Bistatic SAR","volume":"61","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sun, Z.C., Wu, J.J., Huang, Y.L., Yang, J.Y., Yang, H.G., and Yang, X.B. (2015, January 10\u201315). Performance Analysis and Mission Design for Inclined Geosynchronous Spaceborne-Airborne Bistatic SAR. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2457034","article-title":"Inclined Geosynchronous Spaceborne-Airborne Bistatic SAR: Performance Analysis and Mission Design","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Guo, H., Jiang, D., and Han, C. (2023). Analysis of Geometric Characteristics and Coverage for Moon-Based\/Spaceborne Bistatic SAR Earth Observation. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082151"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"42","article-title":"The planetary and lunar ephemerides DE430 and DE431","volume":"196","author":"Folkner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interplanet. Netw. Prog. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1186-3","article-title":"The IERS EOP 14C04 solution for Earth orientation parameters consistent with ITRF 2014","volume":"93","author":"Bizouard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8735","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2990433","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Coverage of a Moon-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar: Theoretical Analyses and Numerical Simulations","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1990)007<0517:OTUOSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Use of Satellites in Molniya Orbits for Meteorological Observation of Middle and High-Latitudes","volume":"7","author":"Kidder","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonin, G., King, J., Brett, M., and Wilson, S. (2012, January 24\u201327). Antarctic Broadband: Ka-Band Communications for the Bottom of the Earth. Proceedings of the 30th AIAA International Communications Satellite System Conference (ICSSC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-15191"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5545172","article-title":"Synthetic Aperture Radar for Earth Observation from a Lunar Base: Performance and Potential Applications","volume":"46","author":"Moccia","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-10-05013.1","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Sampling of Polar Regions from Two-Satellite System on Molniya Orbit","volume":"28","author":"Trishchenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W.N., Savoie, M., and Windnagel, A.K. (2017). Sea Ice Index, National Snow and Ice Data Center. Version 3; Data Set."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"241","article-title":"Spaceborne Airborne Bistatic SAR Using GF-3 Illumination\u2014Technology and Experiment. Radar Science and Technology","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radar Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.919822","article-title":"A study of an AIEM model for bistatic scattering from randomly rough surfaces","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/12\/2086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:56:04Z","timestamp":1760108164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/12\/2086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16122086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16122086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]}}}