{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:33:21Z","timestamp":1772879601841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["20240101046JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240101046JC"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["20200201045JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201045JC"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["42004129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["20240101046JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240101046JC"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["20200201045JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201045JC"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology, China","award":["42004129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240101046JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240101046JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200201045JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201045JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The experimental setup is devised to simulate the presence of vertical cracks with varying widths within concrete structures. Co-polarimetric ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys are carried out to acquire the \u201cVV\u201d and \u201cHH\u201d polarization data. The time-varying centroid frequency attribute is employed to describe the vertical variation in the center frequency of the radar wave, unveiling a gradual vertical decay in the centroid frequency at the locations of vertical cracks. An improved time-varying centroid frequency attribute based on the adaptive sparse S-transform (ASST) is proposed and tested by a finite-difference time-domain model and co-polarimetric GPR data, which can offer better resolution compared to that of the conventional S-transform. By analyzing the waveform and centroid frequency properties of the two polarizations, we conclude that the \u201cVV\u201d polarization is relatively sensitive to centimeter scale cracks, while the \u201cHH\u201d polarization is more sensitive to millimeter scale cracks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T08:49:03Z","timestamp":1718009343000},"page":"2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Experimental Co-Polarimetric GPR Survey on Artificial Vertical Concrete Cracks by the Improved Time-Varying Centroid Frequency Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuebing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2851-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxuan","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Xianda","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Transportation Engineering Group Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China"}]},{"given":"Changle","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengchun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1109\/36.927447","article-title":"Subsurface structures detection by combining L-band polarimetric SAR and GPR data: Example of the Pyla Dune (France)","volume":"39","author":"Grandjean","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE. 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