{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:59:15Z","timestamp":1784822355736,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62001487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001487"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62201589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With respect to the detection and recognition of an Artificial Modulation Target (AMT) with different modulated types, the state-of-the-art methods generally suffer the deficiencies of overfitting and insufficient generalization of existing neural network solutions. To address these problems, this paper proposes a multi-scale amplitude-phase feature discrimination method for AMTs in SAR images. First, a multi-type modulated AMT Dataset is generated (AMT Detection and Modulation Type Recognition Dataset, ADMTR Dataset), wherein the factors of jamming position, jamming-to-signal ratio (JSR), and the modulated parameter are considered to enhance the generalization. Second, a Multi-Input Multi-Output Fusion Wavelet Neural Network (MIMOFWTNN) is established, which not only uses the amplitude information of the scene but also adequately makes use of the phase and high-frequency information. This empowers us to detect the AMT in a higher dimensional feature space such that the type recognition can be implemented with more certainty. Analysis and discussions conducted on comparison experiments and ablation experiments demonstrate that the proposed network can achieve an average accuracy of 96.96% on the cross-validation set and a correct rate of 99.0% on the completely independent test set, which outperforms the compared methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T11:58:58Z","timestamp":1718107138000},"page":"2107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection and Type Recognition of SAR Artificial Modulation Targets Based on Multi-Scale Amplitude-Phase Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2714-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weize","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5190-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuping","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinong","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2493078","article-title":"A Synchronization Algorithm for Spaceborne\/Stationary BiSAR Imaging Based on Contrast Optimization with Direct Signal from Radar Satellite","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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