{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:44:41Z","timestamp":1772250281452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41971416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971416"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42122025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42122025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2022QD025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QD025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42122025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42122025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022QD025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QD025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accuracy of estimating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level-2 products is limited by the leakage effect resulting from post-processing and the weak signal magnitude in adjacent areas. The TWS anomaly from 2003 to 2016 in the Dnieper River basin, with characteristics of medium scale and an adjacent weak TWS anomaly area, are estimated in this work. Two categories of leakage error repair approaches (including forward modeling, data-driven, single, and multiple scaling factor approaches) are employed. Root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash\u2013Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) are used to evaluate the efficiency of approaches. The TWS anomaly inverted by the forward modeling approach (FM) is more accurate in terms of RMSE 3.04 and NSE 0.796. We compared single and multiple scaling approaches for the TWS anomaly and found that leakage signals mostly come from semi-annual terms. From the recovered results demonstrated in the spatial domain, the South of Dnieper River basin is more sensitive to the leakage effect because of it is adjacent to a weak hydrological signal region near the Black Sea. Further, comprehensive climate insights and physical mechanisms behind the TWS anomaly were confirmed. The temperate continental climate of this river basin is shown according to the variation in TWS anomaly in the spatial domain. Snowmelt plays a significant role in the TWS anomaly of the Dnieper River basin, following the precipitation record and the 14-year temperature spatial distribution for February. We compared single and multiple scaling approaches for the TWS anomaly and found that leakage signals mostly come from semi-annual terms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1718174850000},"page":"2124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Extraction of Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly from GRACE in the Region with Medium Scale and Adjacent Weak Signal Area: A Case for the Dnieper River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8941-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China"}]},{"given":"Wanqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Submarine Academy, Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.07.035","article-title":"Time-variable gravity from space and present-day mass redistribution in the Earth system","volume":"298","author":"Cazenave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Planet. 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