{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T20:26:27Z","timestamp":1770582387264,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42272340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42272340"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42302265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42302265"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20230101311JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230101311JC"]}]},{"name":"Science-Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province of China","award":["42272340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42272340"]}]},{"name":"Science-Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province of China","award":["42302265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42302265"]}]},{"name":"Science-Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province of China","award":["20230101311JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230101311JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impact craters, as the most distinct lunar structural unit and geological structure, are marked on the Moon\u2019s surface. For over a decade, researchers have focused on identifying and exploring large- to medium-sized impact craters on the surface of the Moon (craters with a diameter greater than 1 km). Small impact craters have obvious statistical significance owing to their magnitude in numbers. The identification and analysis of small craters provide indispensable clues for the study of lunar geological evolution. However, such craters only remain in specific images and regions. At present, there is no comprehensive record of small impact craters in the existing lunar impact crater databases. The small impact craters on the surface of the Moon are enormous and vary in size by orders of magnitude, exhibiting small target characteristics in space. The present study focuses on the identification and spatial analysis of small impact craters on the surface of the Moon. A feature amplification strategy-based identification model was established for small impact crater detection, achieving accurate recognition of the small impact craters on the surface of the Moon (with a recall rate of 86.97% and a false-positive rate as low as 0.54% \u00b1 0.16%). In total, 228,897, 142,872, and 42,008 new small lunar impact craters (with diameters as low as 4.5 m) were identified in the ten lunar landing areas of returned samples from the Apollo, Luna, and Chang\u2019e-5 missions. In addition, the spatial distribution characteristics of small impact craters during different geological periods in the landing area are provided. Data on the newly identified small impact craters will provide an important basis for revealing the lunar impact fluxes and young lunar surface dating in lunar geological evolution research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1718361754000},"page":"2165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accurate Mapping and Evaluation of Small Impact Craters within the Lunar Landing Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Moon and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"given":"Dandong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7162-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renchu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]},{"given":"Haishi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195050","article-title":"Global Distribution of Large Lunar Craters: Implications for Resurfacing and Impactor Populations","volume":"329","author":"Head","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2013.06.024","article-title":"Hybrid Method for Crater Detection Based on Topography Reconstruction from Optical Images and the New LU78287GT Catalogue of Lunar Impact Craters","volume":"53","author":"Grumpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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