{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:26:38Z","timestamp":1769160398437,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSC20E6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSC20E6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N925522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N925522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMEERF23S12140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF23S12140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCARRD)","award":["JPMJSC20E6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSC20E6"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCARRD)","award":["N925522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N925522"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCARRD)","award":["JPMEERF23S12140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF23S12140"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JPMJSC20E6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSC20E6"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["N925522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N925522"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JPMEERF23S12140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF23S12140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud-based remote sensing has spurred the use of techniques to improve mapping accuracy where individual images may have lower quality, especially in areas with complex terrain or high cloud cover. This study investigates the influence of image compositing and multisource data fusion on the multitemporal land cover mapping of the Pagsanjan-Lumban and Baroro Watersheds in the Philippines. Ten random forest models for each study site were used, all using a unique combination of more than 100 different input features. These features fall under three general categories. First, optical features were derived from reflectance bands and ten spectral indices, which were further subdivided into annual percentile and seasonal median composites; second, radar features were derived from ALOS PALSAR by computing textural indices and a simple band ratio; and third, topographic features were computed from the ALOS GDSM. Then, accuracy metrics and McNemar\u2019s test were used to assess and compare the significance of about 90 pairwise model outputs. Data fusion significantly improved the accuracy of multitemporal land cover mapping in most cases. However, image composition had varied impacts for both sites. This could imply local characteristics and feature inputs as potential determinants of the ideal composite method. Hence, the iterative screening or optimization of both input features and composites is recommended to improve multitemporal mapping accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T04:48:12Z","timestamp":1718599692000},"page":"2167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Image Compositing and Multisource Data Fusion on Multitemporal Land Cover Mapping of Two Philippine Watersheds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3146-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico R.","family":"Almarines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shizuka","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Pulhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Studies Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Cristino L.","family":"Tiburan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}]},{"given":"Angelica T.","family":"Magpantay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Studies Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0697-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29900","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09091-7","article-title":"Survey on Land Use\/Land Cover (LU\/LC) Change Analysis in Remote Sensing and GIS Environment: Techniques and Challenges","volume":"27","author":"Loganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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