{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:46Z","timestamp":1760111026012,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071188","ZAHX-ZC-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071188","ZAHX-ZC-202302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Radio Monitoring Center project","award":["62071188","ZAHX-ZC-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071188","ZAHX-ZC-202302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>How to enhance the desired signal with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a difficult problem in the estimation process of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the target scattering wave signal. In this paper, the feasibility of spatial spectrum estimation in the Range-Doppler (RD) domain is analyzed in principle, and the SNR gain expression of weak scattering wave signal is derived when constructing multi-snapshots virtual array data. On this basis, the mutual eigenvector singular value decomposition (MESVD) method based on RD domain mode excitation is proposed, which can robustly and effectively estimate the direction of the coherent weak signals. Simulation experiments verify that the RD domain spectral estimation method has the ability to simultaneously obtain the direction of multiple weak target scattering waves, and the direction-finding accuracy can reach the Cramer\u2013Rao bound (CRB) of conventional spectral estimation method. The results of Monte Carlo experiments show that the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of azimuth estimation of RD domain spatial spectrum estimation method is 5.76\u00b0 lower than that of a conventional multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method. In addition, the practicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the DOA estimation results of a set of real data with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T04:48:12Z","timestamp":1718599692000},"page":"2186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Spectrum Estimation of Weak Scattering Wave Signal in Range-Doppler Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5476-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Radio Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS02454","article-title":"The Manastash Ridge Radar: A pssive bistatic radar for upper atmosphere radio science","volume":"32","author":"Sahr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0284","article-title":"Cardinality balanced multitarget multi- Bernoulli filter for multipath multitarget tracking in over-the-horizon radar","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, X., and Yang, Q. 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