{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:45:04Z","timestamp":1780512304794,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61971206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971206"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62101211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101211"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KQTD20180411184955957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411184955957"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LHTD20190004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHTD20190004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2803000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC2803800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2803800"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["61971206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971206"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["62101211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101211"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["KQTD20180411184955957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411184955957"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["LHTD20190004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHTD20190004"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["2021YFC2803000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803000"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Top Talents Program of Shenzhen","award":["2022YFC2803800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2803800"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["61971206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971206"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["62101211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101211"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["KQTD20180411184955957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180411184955957"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["LHTD20190004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHTD20190004"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFC2803000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2803000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFC2803800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2803800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of underwater acoustic networks is a significant expansion of Internet-of-Things technology to underwater environments. These networks are essential for a variety of marine applications. For many practical uses, it is more efficient to collect marine data from a remote location over multiple hops, rather than direct point-to-point communications. In this article, we will focus on the underwater acoustic string network (UA-SN) designed for this type of application. We propose a Robust and Adaptive Pipeline Medium Access Control (RAP-MAC) protocol to enhance the network\u2019s transmission efficiency, adaptability, and robustness. The protocol includes a scheduling-based concurrent algorithm, online real-time configuration adjustment function, a rate mode adaptive algorithm, and a fault recovery algorithm. We conducted simulations to compare the new protocol with another representative protocol, validating the RAP-MAC protocol\u2019s adaptability and fault recovery ability. Additionally, we carried out two large-scale sea trials. The results of these experiments indicate that the RAP-MAC protocol ensures effectiveness and reliability in large-scale multihop UA-SNs. In the South China Sea, we were able to achieve a communication distance of 87 km with a throughput of 601.6 bps, exceeding the recognized upper bound of underwater acoustic communication experiment performance by 40 km\u00b7kbps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T08:48:31Z","timestamp":1718614111000},"page":"2195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["RAP-MAC: A Robust and Adaptive Pipeline MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic String Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9097-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lipeng","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China"},{"name":"Smart Ocean Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3218766","article-title":"Underwater wireless sensor networks: Enabling technologies for node deployment and data collection challenges","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058272","article-title":"Information-centric wireless sensor networking scheme with water-depth-awareness content caching for underwater IoT","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, K.F., Kabir, K.H., and Abdelgawad, A. 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