{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:08:41Z","timestamp":1769040521708,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62031008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62031008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2341201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2341201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-frequency communication constitutes a vital component of essential communication systems, serving a pivotal role in remote radio communication, navigation, timing, and seismic analysis. To enhance the predictive precision of low-frequency skywave propagation and address the demands of engineering applications, we propose a high-precision prediction method based on the ITU-R P.684 wave-hop theory and real-time environmental parameter forecasts. This method features several distinctive attributes. Firstly, it employs real-time ionospheric prediction data instead of relying on long-term ionospheric model predictions. Secondly, it utilizes a detailed map of land\u2013sea surface electrical characteristics, surpassing the simplistic land\u2013sea dichotomy previously employed. Compared with measured data, the findings demonstrate that we attained a reasonable propagation pattern and achieved high-precision field strength predictions. Comparatively, the improved method exhibits an improvement in the time and spatial domains over the ITU-R P.684 standard. Finally, the improved method balances computational efficiency with enhanced prediction accuracy, supporting the advancement of low-frequency communication system design and performance evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T05:27:19Z","timestamp":1718861239000},"page":"2241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Improved Propagation Prediction Method of Low-Frequency Skywave Fusing Fine Channel Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4361-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"},{"name":"Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Ocean Information Awareness and Transmission, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1968-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengsong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Marine Communication Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Wuhan 430200, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4173-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology, Tianjin University, Qingdao 266200, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (2015). 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