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Provincial Universities","award":["2022KJ224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing proliferation of space debris, intermittent space incidents, and the rapid emergence of massive LEO satellite constellations pose significant threats to satellites in orbit. Ground-based optical observations play a crucial role in space surveillance and space situational awareness (SSA). The Zhulong telescopic observation network stands as a pivotal resource in the realm of space object tracking and prediction. This publicly available network plays a critical role in furnishing essential data for accurately delineating and forecasting the orbit of space objects in Earth orbit. Comprising a sophisticated array of hardware components including precise telescopes, optical sensors, and image sensors, the Zhulong network synergistically collaborates to achieve unparalleled levels of precision in tracking and observing space objects. Central to the network\u2019s efficacy is its ability to extract positional information, referred to as angular data, from consecutive images. These angular data serve as the cornerstone for precise orbit determination and prediction. In this study, the CPF (Consolidated Prediction Format) orbit serves as the reference standard against which the accuracy of the angular data is evaluated. The findings reveal that the angular data error of the Zhulong network remains consistently below 3 arcseconds, attesting to its remarkable precision. Moreover, through the accumulation of angular data over time, coupled with the utilization of numerical integration and least squares methods, the Zhulong network facilitates highly accurate orbit determination and prediction for space objects. These methodologies leverage the wealth of data collected by the network to extrapolate trajectories with unprecedented accuracy, offering invaluable insights into the behavior and movement of celestial bodies. The results presented herein underscore the immense potential of electric optic telescopes in the realm of space surveillance. By harnessing the capabilities of the Zhulong network, researchers and astronomers can gain deeper insights into the dynamics of space objects, thereby advancing our understanding of the cosmos. Ultimately, the Zhulong telescopic observation network emerges as a pioneering tool in the quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T05:16:18Z","timestamp":1719206178000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Telescopic Network of Zhulong for Orbit Determination and Prediction of Space Objects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangxu","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhendi","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3441-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4657-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2016.08.004","article-title":"Space development and space science together, a historic opportunity","volume":"37","author":"Metzger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab8016","article-title":"The Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population and Impacts of the SpaceX Starlink Constellation","volume":"892","author":"McDowell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astrophys. 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