{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:32Z","timestamp":1760145212721,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257","2021YFB2601100","2022JJ10047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wave-induced radiation stress (RS), as a primary driver of ocean currents influenced by waves, plays an important role in the response of upper ocean temperatures under typhoons. Previous studies have mainly focused on wave-generated currents and coastal currents in nearshore areas. This paper incorporates the geostrophic effect into the wave-induced radiation stress of wave-current interaction, and the effect of waves on the changes in upper ocean temperature (including sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer temperature) under typhoon Nanmadol (2022) is studied. The FVCOM-SWAVE model is used to conduct a preliminary numerical study in the western Pacific Ocean. The RS with the geostrophic effect increased the horizontal and vertical components, leading to an enhancement in turbulent mixing and a decrease in SST by up to 1.0 \u00b0C to 1.4 \u00b0C, which is closer to the SST obtained by OISST remote sensing fusion observation data. In the strong divergence domain, the direction of the vortex flow exhibits a more pronounced turn to the right, accompanied by an increase in water velocity. The vertical temperature profile of the ocean shows that the water below is perturbed by the RS component of the geostrophic effect, and the depth of the mixed layer increases by about 2 m, which is closer to the depth of the mixed layer observed by the Argo floats, indirectly enhancing the vertical mass transport of the ocean. In general, this shows that RS, which takes into account geostrophic effects, enhances the effect of waves on the water below, indirectly leading to lower temperatures in the upper ocean, and the simulated results align more closely with the observed data, offering valuable insights for enhancing marine numerical forecasting accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T05:16:18Z","timestamp":1719206178000},"page":"2288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Radiation Stress on Upper-Layer Ocean Temperature under Geostrophic Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jialei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zeqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106899","article-title":"Wave crest height distribution during the tropical cyclone period","volume":"197","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.116124","article-title":"High waves measured during tropical cyclones in the coastal waters of India","volume":"289","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G.L., Yang, W.J., Jiang, Y.P., Yin, J.Y., Tian, Y.H., Wang, L.P., and Xu, Y. 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