{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:26:06Z","timestamp":1776407166107,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["8232038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8232038"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["340\/GK112301013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["340\/GK112301013"]}]},{"name":"Foundation 55 on Beijing Forestry University","award":["8232038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8232038"]}]},{"name":"Foundation 55 on Beijing Forestry University","award":["340\/GK112301013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["340\/GK112301013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate measurement and estimation of forest carbon sinks and fluxes are essential for developing effective national and global climate strategies aimed at reducing atmospheric carbon concentrations and mitigating climate change. Various errors arise during forest monitoring, especially measurement instability due to seasonal variations, which require to be adequately addressed in forest ecosystem research and applications. Seasonal fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, aerosols, and solar radiation can significantly impact the physical observations of mapping equipment or platforms, thereby reducing the data\u2019s accuracy. Here, we review the technologies and equipment used for monitoring forest carbon sinks and carbon fluxes across different remote sensing platforms, including ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne remote sensing. We further investigate the uncertainties introduced by seasonal variations to the observing equipment, compare the strengths and weaknesses of various monitoring technologies, and propose the corresponding solutions and recommendations. We aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of seasonal variations on the accuracy of forest map data, thereby improving the accuracy of forest carbon sinks and fluxes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T05:16:18Z","timestamp":1719206178000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of Carbon Sink and Carbon Flux in Forest Ecosystems: Instrumentation and the Influence of Seasonal Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dangui","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1444-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongke","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01274-4","article-title":"Global increase in biomass carbon stock dominated by growth of northern young forests over past decade","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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