{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:59Z","timestamp":1760145119082,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The LuTan-1 (LT-1) mission, China\u2019s first civilian bistatic spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mission, comprises two L-band SAR satellites. These satellites operate in bistatic InSAR strip map mode, maintaining a formation flight with an adjustable baseline to generate global digital elevation models (DEMs) with high accuracy and spatial resolution. This research introduces a dedicated interferometric calibration model for LT-1, tackling the unique challenges of the bistatic system, such as interferometric parameter coupling and the \u03c0-ambiguity problem caused by synchronization phase errors. This study validates the model using SAR images from LT-1 and Xinjiang corner reflector data, achieving interferometric phase accuracy better than 0.1 rad and baseline accuracy better than 2 mm, thereby producing high-precision DEMs with a height accuracy meeting the 5 m requirement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T06:59:58Z","timestamp":1719212398000},"page":"2306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interferometric Calibration Model for the LuTan-1 Mission: Enhancing Digital Elevation Model Accuracy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwen","family":"Mou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8528-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yachao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aichun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guikun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.003","article-title":"Temporal monitoring of subglacial volcanoes with TanDEM-X\u2014Application to the 2014\u20132015 eruption within the B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga volcanic system, Iceland","volume":"181","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/08120099.2014.884983","article-title":"Comparison of free high resolution digital elevation data sets (ASTER GDEM2, SRTM v2.1\/v4.1) and validation against accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database","volume":"61","author":"Rexer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.03.014","article-title":"Impact of DEM accuracy and resolution on topographic indices","volume":"25","author":"Vaze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121942","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006914","article-title":"Landslide detection using a saliency feature enhancement technique from LiDAR-derived DEM and orthophotos","volume":"8","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1109\/5.338070","article-title":"Mapping the world\u2019s topography using radar interferometry: The TOPSAT mission","volume":"82","author":"Zebker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, T.J., Parsons, B.E., and Lu, Z. (2004). Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018827"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0811-3","article-title":"Digital elevation model (DEM) generation using the SAR interferometry technique","volume":"7","author":"Geymen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.881848","article-title":"Bistatic SAR processing and experiments","volume":"44","author":"Walterscheid","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2318895","article-title":"TanDEM-X: The new global DEM takes shape","volume":"2","author":"Zink","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3062286","article-title":"TanDEM-X: 10 years of formation flying bistatic SAR interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Zink","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2948219","article-title":"An advanced phase synchronization scheme for LT-1","volume":"58","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217319","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3310613","article-title":"First demonstration of RFI mitigation in the phase synchronization of LT-1 bistatic SAR","volume":"61","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, J., Hong, J., Wang, Y., Du, S., Xing, K., and Qiu, T. (2022, January 17\u201322). LT-1 Baseline Calibration Method Based on Improved Baseline Calibration Model. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2022-2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9884080"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00107-7","article-title":"Calibration and validation of SAR interferometry for DEM generation","volume":"57","author":"Crosetto","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"716","article-title":"Development of the TanDEM-X calibration concept: Analysis of systematic errors","volume":"48","author":"Bachmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916213","article-title":"An Error Prediction Framework for Interferometric SAR Data","volume":"46","author":"Mohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R., Wen, J., Zhao, D., Liu, Y., Hou, Y., and Chen, C. (2022, January 2\u20134). Analysis of Influencing Factors of Distributed Satellite InSAR Height-Measurement Accuracy based on Positioning Equation. Proceedings of the 2022 3rd China International SAR Symposium (CISS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS57580.2022.9971441"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Li, T., Tang, X., Zhou, X., and Zhang, X. (2022, January 25\u201327). LuTan-1 SAR Main Applications and Products. Proceedings of the EUSAR 2022, 14th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, J., Wang, Y., Hong, J., Wang, Y., Wang, A., Sun, S., and Liu, G. (2023). First Assessment of Bistatic Geometric Calibration and Geolocation Accuracy of Innovative Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar LuTan-1. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225280"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., and Roth, L. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys., 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sarabandi, K., Brown, C., Pierce, L., and Zahn, D. (2000, January 24\u201328). Calibration of the shuttle radar topography mission using point and distributed targets. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.008","article-title":"Bistatic system and baseline calibration in TanDEM-X to ensure the global digital elevation model quality","volume":"73","author":"Antony","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2258328","article-title":"Results of the TanDEM-X baseline calibration","volume":"6","author":"Antony","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.002","article-title":"Operational TanDEM-X DEM calibration and first validation results","volume":"73","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Fan, J., Liu, Y., Lu, R., Hou, Y., and Lu, J. (2022). An Improved Independent Parameter Decomposition Method for Gaofen-3 Surveying and Mapping Calibration. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133089"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"5202216","article-title":"Image-based baseline correction method for spaceborne InSAR with external DEM","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2561305","article-title":"Nonlinear model for InSAR baseline error","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Li, Z., Zhu, Y., Shi, J., and Feng, G. (2020). SAR interferometric baseline refinement based on flat-Earth phase without a ground control point. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020233"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.896613","article-title":"InSAR elevation bias caused by penetration into uniform volumes","volume":"45","author":"Dall","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Wang, Y., Hong, J., and Du, S. (2021). Additional reference height error analysis for baseline calibration based on a distributed target DEM in TwinSAR-L. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142750"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Schubert, A., Small, D., Gisinger, C., Balss, U., and Eineder, M. (2018). Corner Reflector Deployment for SAR Geometric Calibration and Performance Assessment, ESRIN."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3390\/s90201259","article-title":"Improvement of the accuracy of InSAR image co-registration based on tie points\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2021.09.012","article-title":"A deep learning semantic template matching framework for remote sensing image registration","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8002905","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2022.3208904","article-title":"Remote Sensing Image Registration Based on Deep Learning Regression Model","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"5607214","article-title":"Multimodal Image Fusion Framework for End-to-End Remote Sensing Image Registration","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-207-2018","article-title":"Analysis of performance of flat earth phase removal methods","volume":"42","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4802","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.004802","article-title":"Phase unwrapping with the branch-cut method: Role of phase-field direction","volume":"39","author":"Gutmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2229284","article-title":"A fast phase unwrapping method for large-scale interferograms","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011705","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3318125","article-title":"Detecting and Removing Phase Jitters for the Phase Synchronization of LT-1 Bistatic SAR","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1109\/36.193786","article-title":"SAR calibration: An overview","volume":"30","author":"Freeman","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.014","article-title":"TanDEM-X calibrated raw DEM generation","volume":"73","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:35Z","timestamp":1760108615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16132306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16132306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]}}}