{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:04:52Z","timestamp":1766732692346,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of dust intrusions in the formation of lake heatwaves has not yet been discussed in previous publications. We investigated a lake heatwave (LHW) and an atmospheric heatwave (AHW) in the freshwater Lake Kinneret in the Eastern Mediterranean: these were caused by an extreme dust intrusion that lasted for a 10-day period (7\u201317 September 2015). The AHW and LHW were defined as periods of abnormally high air temperature (Tair) and lake surface water temperature (SWT) compared to their 90th percentile thresholds in September. In the daytime, the maximal intensities of AHW and LHW reached 3 \u00b0C and 2 \u00b0C, respectively. This was despite the pronounced drop in solar radiation due to the dust radiative effect. The satellite SWT retrievals were incapable of representing the abnormally high SWT in the presence of the extreme dust intrusion. Both METEOSAT and MODIS-Terra showed a sharp decrease in the SWT compared to the actual SWT: up to 10 \u00b0C in the daytime and up to 15 \u00b0C in the nighttime. Such a significant underestimation of the actual SWT in the presence of a dust intrusion should be considered when using satellite data to analyze heatwaves. In the absence of moisture advection, the AHW and LHW were accompanied by an increase of up to 30% in absolute humidity (\u03c1v) over the lake. Being a powerful greenhouse gas, water vapor (characterized by an increased \u03c1v) absorbed most of both the upwelling and downwelling longwave thermal radiation, heating the near-ground atmospheric layer (which is in direct contact with the lake water surface), in the daytime and nighttime. In the nighttime, the maximal intensity of the AHW and LHW reached 4 \u00b0C and 3 \u00b0C, respectively. Because of the observed steadily increasing dust pollution over the Eastern Mediterranean during the past several decades, we anticipate that dust-related lake heatwaves will intensify adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems such as reducing fishery resources and increasing harmful cyanobacteria blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1719319616000},"page":"2314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lake and Atmospheric Heatwaves Caused by Extreme Dust Intrusion in Freshwater Lake Kinneret in the Eastern Mediterranean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Kishcha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]},{"given":"Yury","family":"Lechinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal 1495000, Israel"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Starobinets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021RG000762","DOI":"10.1029\/2021RG000762","article-title":"Climate change and weather extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East","volume":"60","author":"Zittis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-13-749-2022","article-title":"Extreme weather and societal impacts in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"13","author":"Hochman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04788-z","article-title":"Direct and semi-direct radiative effect of North African dust in present and future regional climate simulations","volume":"53","author":"Tsikerdekis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7139","article-title":"Winter AOD trend changes over the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region","volume":"41","author":"Shaheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078324","article-title":"Identification and characterization of dust source regions across North Africa and the Middle East using MISR satellite observations","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0418-4","article-title":"Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East","volume":"114","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5334","article-title":"Evaluation and projection of extreme precipitation indices in the eastern Mediterranean based on CMIP5 multi-model ensemble","volume":"38","author":"Samuels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisano, A., Marullo, S., Artale, V., Falcini, F., Yang, C., Leonelli, F.E., Santoleri, R., and Buongiorno Nardelli, B. (2020). New Evidence of Mediterranean Climate Change and Variability from Sea Surface Temperature Observations. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010132"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082933","article-title":"Past variability of Mediterranean Sea marine heatwaves","volume":"46","author":"Darmaraki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayan, H., McAdam, R., Juza, M., Masina, S., and Speich, S. (2023). Marine heat waves in the Mediterranean Sea: An assessment from the surface to the subsurface to meet national needs. Front. Mar. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1045138"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.12.014","article-title":"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves","volume":"141","author":"Hobday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0068-4","article-title":"Keeping pace with marine heatwaves","volume":"1","author":"Holbrook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114041","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad02ae","article-title":"Record-breaking persistence of the 2022\/23 marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"18","author":"Marullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03119-1","article-title":"Lake heatwaves under climate change","volume":"589","author":"Woolway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094013","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac1a3a","article-title":"Rapidly expanding lake heatwaves under climate change","volume":"16","author":"Woolway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.06.028","article-title":"Zhang Climate change drives rapid warming and increasing heatwaves of lakes","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/20442041.2020.1712180","article-title":"Impact of the 2018 European heatwave on lake surface water temperature","volume":"10","author":"Woolway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inland Waters"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165312","article-title":"The unprecedented 2022 extreme summer heatwaves increased harmful cyanobacteria blooms","volume":"896","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.130971","article-title":"Warming surface and Lake heatwaves as key drivers to harmful algal Blooms: A case study of Lake Dianchi, China","volume":"632","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.09.025","article-title":"Using ensemble of climate models to evaluate future water and solutes budgets in Lake Kinneret, Israel","volume":"410","author":"Rimmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128729","article-title":"Multi-model projections of future evaporation in a sub-tropical lake","volume":"615","author":"Jennings","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishcha, P., Lechinsky, Y., and Starobinets, B. (2023). Impact of a Severe Dust Event on Diurnal Behavior of Surface Water Temperature in Subtropical Lake Kinneret. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15225297"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohary, T., Sukenik, A., Berman, T., and Nishri, A. (2014). Meteorology. Lake Kinneret\u2014Ecology and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8944-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishcha, P., Lechinsky, Y., and Starobinets, B. (2022). Cooling by Cyprus Lows of Surface and Epilimnion Water in Subtropical Lake Kinneret in Rainy Seasons. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194709"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishcha, P., Starobinets, B., Lechinsky, Y., and Alpert, P. (2021). Absence of surface water temperature trends in Lake Kinneret despite present atmospheric warming: Comparisons with Dead Sea trends. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173461"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishcha, P., Volpov, E., Starobinets, B., Alpert, P., and Nickovic, S. (2020). Dust Dry Deposition over Israel. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11020197"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4387-2016","article-title":"Ceilometer evaluation of the eastern Mediterranean summer boundary layer height\u2014First study of two Israeli sites","volume":"9","author":"Uzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3203-2018","article-title":"New insights into the vertical structure of the September 2015 dust storm employing eight ceilometers and auxiliary measurements over Israel","volume":"18","author":"Uzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13573","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-13573-2017","article-title":"Revealing the meteorological drivers of the September 2015 severe dust event in the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"17","author":"Gasch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platnick, S., Hubanks, P., Meyer, K., and King, M.D. (2015). MODIS Atmosphere L3 Monthly Product, NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System, Goddard Space Flight Center. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MODIS\/MOD08_M3.006.","DOI":"10.5067\/MODIS\/MOD08_M3.006"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819166-8.00011-6","article-title":"Heat budget of lakes","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Schmid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Inland Waters 2022"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003774723","article-title":"Remote sensing of temperature variations around major power plants as point sources of heat","volume":"32","author":"Okwen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2413-2009","article-title":"Technical note: Novel method for water vapor monitoring using wireless communication networks measurements","volume":"9","author":"David","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The computation of equivalent potential temperature","volume":"108","author":"Bolton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013139","article-title":"Meteosat Land Surface Temperature Climate Data Record: Achievable Accuracy and Potential Uncertainties","volume":"7","author":"Bento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2024, February 02). Product User Manual (PUM) Meteosat Land Surface Temperature. Available online: https:\/\/www.cmsaf.eu\/SharedDocs\/Literatur\/document\/2017\/saf_cm_meteoswiss_pum_met_lst_1_1_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2024, May 26). LP DAAC Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center: MOD11A1.006 MODIS\/Terra Land Surface Temperature\/Emissivity Daily L3 Global 1 km V006, Available online: https:\/\/e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov\/MOLT\/MOD11A1.061\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2773:ESSTFI>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Estimating sea surface temperature from infrared satellite and in situ temperature data","volume":"82","author":"Emery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1060646","article-title":"Saharan dust as a causal factor of hemispheric asymmetry in aerosols and cloud cover over the tropical Atlantic Ocean","volume":"36","author":"Kishcha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL093226","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL093226","article-title":"Measurement and scaling of lake surface skin temperatures","volume":"49","author":"Hondzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2314\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:00Z","timestamp":1760108640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16132314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16132314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}