{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:13:09Z","timestamp":1760145189846,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349","92371205","62001388","2020JM-102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When a target moves at hypersonic speed, the aerodynamic thermal effect will cause air molecules to form a plasma sheath that envelopes the outer surface of the target, which consists of a large number of charged particles. The plasma sheath imposes a complicated modulation effect on the radar echo signal in terms of amplitude, phase, and frequency. When the plasma sheath is time-varying, the inter-pulse coherence of the multi-cycle echo signals is severely disrupted, resulting in the failure of coherent accumulation. To address the problem of abnormal inter-pulse energy accumulation in targets covered with time-varying plasma sheaths, we analyzed the dynamic modulation effects of time-varying plasma sheaths on echo signals and constructed a radar echo model enveloped with time-varying plasma sheaths. Based on this, we propose a method for inter-pulse energy concentration of multi-cycle echo signals based on range-frequency inversion, second-order Wigner\u2013Ville distribution (WVD), and slow-time symmetric auto-correlation. The proposed method is capable of realizing energy concentration for targets enveloped with time-varying plasma sheaths and can accurately estimate the motion parameters of the target. The effectiveness of our proposed method has been verified via simulation analysis of multi-cycle echo signals from targets enveloped with time-varying plasma sheaths, and the reliability of the method has been further validated through statistical experimental analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1719319616000},"page":"2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Multi-Cycle Echo Energy Concentration Method for High-Mobility Targets Enveloped by Time-Varying Plasma Sheath"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Qingmeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Bailiang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartunian, R.A., Stewart, G.E., Fergason, S.D., Curtiss, T.J., and Seibold, R.W. 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Plasma Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:03Z","timestamp":1760108643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16132316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16132316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}