{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:33:28Z","timestamp":1773257608693,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009095","name":"Brazilian Water Agency (ANA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED-05\/2019-ANA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital elevation models (DEMs) have a wide range of applications and play a crucial role in many studies. Numerous public DEMs, frequently acquired using radar and optical satellite imagery, are currently available; however, DEM datasets tend to exhibit elevation values influenced by vegetation height and coverage, compromising the accuracy of models in representing terrain elevation. In this study, we developed a digital terrain model for South America using a novel methodology to remove vegetation bias in the Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (COPDEM) model using machine learning, Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) elevation data, and multispectral remote sensing products. Our results indicate considerable improvements compared to COPDEM in representing terrain elevation, reducing average errors (BIAS) from 9.6 m to 1.5 m. Furthermore, we evaluated our product (ANADEM) by comparison with other global DEMs, obtaining more accurate results for different conditions of vegetation fraction cover and land use. As a publicly available and open-source dataset, ANADEM will play a crucial role in advancing studies that demand accurate terrain elevation representations at large scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1719319616000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["ANADEM: A Digital Terrain Model for South America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Laipelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9371-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Comini de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Collischonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"de Amorim Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas e Saneamento B\u00e1sico (ANA), Bras\u00edlia 70610-200, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Ruhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.09.004","article-title":"Comparison of Remotely Sensed Water Stages from LiDAR, Topographic Contours and SRTM","volume":"63","author":"Schumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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