{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T01:25:34Z","timestamp":1768181134764,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, climate change has led to ocean warming, causing more frequent extreme events such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), which have been understudied in the Caribbean Sea. This study addresses this gap using 30 years of daily sea surface temperature (SST) data, complemented by projections for the 21st century from nineteen Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. In the 1983\u20132012 period, significant trends were observed in the spatially averaged MHWs frequency (1.32 annual events per decade and node) and mean duration (1.47 \u00b1 0.29 days per decade) but not in mean intensity. In addition, MHWs show large monthly variations in these metrics, modulated by interannual and seasonal changes. MHWs seasonality is different in the three used metrics, being more intense and frequent in warm and rainy months (intensity between 1.01 to 1.11 \u00b0C, duration 6.79 to 7.13 days) and longer lasting in late boreal winter (intensity between 0.82 to 1.00 \u00b0C, duration 7.50 to 8.31 days). The MHWs behavior from two extreme months show that these events can occur in both small and large areas in the Caribbean. Overall, models tend to underestimate the annually averaged MHWs frequency and intensity, while they overestimate duration when compared to observations. MHWs projections are more extreme under SSP585, as they are sensible to the radiational scenario. However, an increase in MHWs intensity and duration (events lasting as much as 154 days by 2100) is expected, driving a decrease in frequency (\u201337.39 events per decade under SSP585 by 2100). These projections imply that MHWs conditions at the beginning of the century will be nearly permanent in the Caribbean\u2019s future. Nonetheless, caution is advised in interpreting these projections due to differences between models\u2019 simulations and observed data. While advancements in oceanic models within CMIP6 demonstrate progress compared to previous CMIP initiatives, challenges persist in accurately simulating extreme events such as marine heatwaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"2357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Observation and Projection of Marine Heatwaves in the Caribbean Sea from CMIP6 Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6431-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Francisco","family":"Bustos Usta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Oceanograf\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Ricardo","family":"Torres Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Geociencias GEO4, Departamento de F\u00edsica y Geociencias, Universidad del Norte, km 5 v\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 25260, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0550-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lien","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Maibelin","family":"Castillo Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Oceanograf\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Bourrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS-IRD-OMP-CNES, 31000 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI4102.1","article-title":"Probabilistic Projections of Climate Change over China under the SRES A1B Scenario Using 28 AOGCMs","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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